Excretory System Flashcards
Difference in excretion and egestion?
Excretion occurs in both plants and animals
Egestion occurs only in animals. It’s the elimination of metabolic waste.
Function of kidneys
Maintaining osmotic and electrolytic balance
Regulation of pH
Regulation of BP
Production of renin and erythropoietin and calcitriol
Regulation of blood glucose
Excretion of metabolic waste such as urea, uric acid and creatinine
What is the notch in the kidney called?
Hilum
Renal capsule?
Thin but tough and transparent sheet of sense irregular connective tissue that covers the kidney
Name the two distinct regions of kidney
Renal cortex and medulla
What is the name of the cone shaped region in the medulla?
Renal pyramids
Renal column
The portion of renal cortex that extends between the renal pyramid
Renal pelvis
Funnel shaped space
Calyces
Renal pelvis has projections called calyces
Glomerulus
Afferent artery divides into a tangled, ball shaped capillary network
Nephrons have two parts.
Renal corpuscle and renal tubule
Name the two components of the renal corpuscle.
Glomerulus and Bowman’s capsule
What happens when blood reaches the glomerulus?
Water and small solutes like glucose, amino acids, nitrogenous waste, and ions.
What is the glomerular filtration rate?
The amount of filtrate formed in all the renal corpuscle of both kidneys per minute
What does renal tubule consist of?
Proximal tubule, loop of henle and distal tubule
Proximal tubule is divided into?
Proximal convulated tubule and proximal straight tubule
Loop of henle consist of?
Thin descending segment, thin ascending segment and thick ascending segment
Cortical nephrons
Renal corpuscle in the outer cortex and loop of henle in the outer medulla that is very little part too.
Juxtamedullary nephron
Renal corpuscle in deep renal cortex and loop of henle in deep medulla
What is transport maximum?
Maximum amount of a substance that can be reabsorbed per unit time. If the value exceeds then it goes in urine.
Which solute does not follow transport maximum? And who controls it?
Sodium and is controlled by aldosterone
What part of nephron is responsible for most reabsorption?
Proximal convulated tubule
Name the two types of reabsorption routes?
Paracellular reabsorption and transcellular reabsorption
What gets re absorbed in the proximal convoluted tubule?
Sodium, chloride, bicarbonate, potassium, amino acid and glucose
What is obligatory water reabsorption and where does it take place?
Obligatory water reabsorption is when the water gets reabsorbed due to concentration gradient. It occurs in the proximal convulated tubule.
What does proximal tubule secrete?
Bile salts, oxalate, urate and cotecholamines
What does a thin descending segment reabsorb?
Water and some amount of solutes
Which part of nephron is impermeable to water ?
Thin and thick ascending segment and early distal convoluted tubule
Which one has more reabsorptive capacity, thin or thick ascending segment?
Thick ascending segment
What does thick ascending segment reabsorb?
Sodium, chloride, calcium, bicarbonate, magnesium and potassium
Name the two cells of late distal convulated tubule.
Principal and intercalated cells
What does principal cells reabsorb and secrete?
Sodium and secrete potassium
What does intercalated cells reabsorb and secrete?
Reabsorb potassium and secrete hydrogen ions
What controls late distal convulated tubule and cortical collecting ducts?
ADH
What does medullary collecting ducts reabsorb?
Water and urea
Function of angiotensin 2
Decreases glomerular filtration rate
Enhances reabsorption of sodium, chloride and water
Stimulates aldosterone
Function of ADH
Increases the reabsorption of water
Function of atrial natriuretic factor
Vasodilation
Inhibit water and sodium reabsorption
