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Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

Which organ isn’t a part of endocrine gland but still is in endocrine system

A

Thalamus and hypothalamus

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2
Q

Hormone?

A

Low molecular weight chemically heterogeneous non nutrient substance that transport intercellularly and act as a signal molecule

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3
Q

Chemical classification of hormone?

A

Lipid soluble and water soluble

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4
Q

Lipid soluble hormone?

A

Steroid hormones and thyroid hormone

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5
Q

Water soluble hormones

A

Amine hormones, peptide and protein hormones

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6
Q

Steroid hormones derived from?

A

Cholesterol

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7
Q

Thyroid hormone derived?

A

Addition of iodine with tyrosine

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8
Q

Amine hormones formed? Ex?

A

Formed by decarboxylation of amino acid.
Norepinephrine, epinephrine and dopamine by modification of tyrosine

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9
Q

Peptide hormone and eg?

A

3 to 49 aa.
Eg. Oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone

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10
Q

Protein hormones? Eg? Hormone with carbohydrates?

A

50 to 200aa.
Eg. Human growth hormone and insuline
Thyroid stimulating hormone is attached to carbohydrates

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11
Q

What connects the hypothalamus and pituitary gland

A

Infundibulum

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12
Q

Name the hormones hypothalamus secretes?

A

Thyrotropin releasing hormone
Gonadotropin releasing hormone
Growth hormone releasing hormone
Corticotropin releasing hormone
Prolactin inhibiting hormone

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13
Q

What inhibits growth hormone

A

Somatostatin

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14
Q

Two forms of somatostatin

A

Somatostatin 14 : hypothalamus and pancreas
Somatostatin 28: intestine

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15
Q

What is anterior and posterior pituitary also called

A

Anterior: adenohypophysis
Posterior: Neurohypophysis

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16
Q

Two portions of anterior pituitary

A

Pars distalis and pars intermedia

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17
Q

Growth hormone is also called

A

Somatotropin

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18
Q

How does growth hormone work?

A

Growth hormone promotes the movement of amino acids into the cell that turns into protein and produces growth. Indirectly they stimulate mitogen-like insulin-like growth factors that promote cell division.

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19
Q

What decreases the lactogenic effect

A

High level of progesterone

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20
Q

Prolactin gives negative feedback to?

A

GnRH

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21
Q

Tropic hormone

A

The hormones that stimulates other hormones to stimulate the release of other hormone

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22
Q

ADCT stimulates the release of?

A

Corticosteroid

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23
Q

What does FSH do?

A

Development of follicles, secretion of estrogen.
Males: production of sperm

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24
Q

What does LH do?

A

Production of corpus luteum, secretion of progesterone
Males: secretion testosterone

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25
Melanocyte stimulating hormone
Produced by pars intermedia. Pigmentation in skin of amphibians
26
Posterior pituitary stores and releases?
Oxytocin and ADH
27
Function of ADH
Water reabsorption and vasoconstrictor
28
Pineal gland cells are called?
Pinealocytes
29
Pineal gland secretes
Melatonin
30
Which is the largest endocrine gland?
Thyroid gland
31
The two lobes of the thyroid are connected by?
Ishtmus
32
What are the two hormones secreted by thyroid gland?
Thyroxin and calcitonin
33
What are the two hormones secreted by thyroid gland?
Thyroxin and calcitonin
34
The two hormones produced by follicular cells of thyroid.
Thyroxin (t4 or tetraiodothyronine) and t3 (triiodothyronine)
35
Parafolicular cells produce which hormone
Calcitonin
36
How are t4 and t3 hormone made?
Two DIT (Diiodotyrosine) joins to form t4 One MIT (monoidotyrosine) and one DIT forms t3
37
Where are the thyroid hormone receptors exist
Nucleus
38
Function of thyroid hormone
Increases the basal metabolic rate by stimulating the use of cellular oxygen. Stimulates the synthesis of Na-K ATPase.
39
Function of calcitonin
Decreases the calcium level in the blood by decreasing plasma calcium concentration and promotes osteoblastic activity
40
What does parathyroid gland secrete
Parathyroid hormone
41
What is the another name of parathyroid hormone
Collip's hormone
42
Function of parathyroid hormone
Increases the level of calcium in the blood by reabsorption of calcium in the kidney, kidney secretes calcitriol and promotes osteoclastic activity.
43
What are the hormones produced by thymus gland
Thymosin, thymic humoral factor, thymic factor and thymopoietin
44
What are the cluster of cells called in pancreas
Acini
45
What are present between the acini cells
Pancreatic islet or islet of langerhans
46
Name four types of hormone producing cell in pancreas
A cells - glucagon B cells - insulin D cells - somatostatin F cells - pancreatic polypeptide
47
What does glucagon do
Increases glycogenolysis Decreases glucogenesis Increases gluconeogenesis Decreases Glycolysis
48
Function of insulin
Lower the blood glucose level Increases glycolysis Increases glycogenesis Inhibit glycogenolysis Inhibit gluconeogenesis
49
Which GLUT protein respond to insulin
GLUT 4
50
Name the two regions in which adrenal gland is divided into
Adrenal cortex and adrenal medulla
51
Name the all three regions in which adrenal cortex is divided into
Zona glomerulosa Zona fasciculate Zona reticularis
52
Name all the hormones of andrenal cortex
Mineralocorticoid, glucocorticoid and adrenal androgen
53
What does mineralocorticoid do?
Mineralocorticoid like aldosterone maintains osmotic balance by maintaining the conc of Na and K.
54
Name the glucocorticoid
Cortisol, cortisone, and corticosterone
55
Function of glucocorticoid
Increases the concentration of amino acid in blood Inhibit wound healing Brings adipose tissue in the blood Resistance to stresses Induces gluconeogenesis
56
What are the hormon producing cell in adrenal medulla called
Chromaffin cells
57
What do adrenal medulla produces
Epinephrine and norepinephrine
58
From which amino acid epinephrine and norepinephrine are synthesized
Tyrosine
59
Epinephrine and norepinephrine are collectively called
Catecholamines
60
What does epinephrine and norepinephrine do
They increase the heart rate and systolic blood pressure and increase the blood flow to the heart, liver, muscles and tissues and also increases the blood level of glucose and fatty acids.
61
What are the endocrine part of the testis?
Interstitial or leydig cells
62
Function of testosterone
Secondary growth, male accessory sex glands, and promotes bone growth
63
Function of inhibin
Inhibits FSH
64
Which gonadotropin hormone stimulates the production of testosterone
Leutinising hormone
65
Which hormone does kidney produces
Renin and erythropoietin
66
Function of renin
It stimulates the renin angiotensin aldosterone system. Catalyzes the conversion of angiotensinogen to angiotensin 1 to angiotensin 2, which stimulates aldosterone and increases BP
67
What hormones do placenta secretes
Estradiol and progesterone, human chorionic gonadotropin hormone, human somatomammotropin hormone
68
What hormone do gastrointestinal tract secrets
Gastrin Secretin Cholecystokinin Gastric inhibitory peptide
69
Function of gastrin
Stimulates the secretion of pepsinogen and HCl
70
Secretin
Secretion of bicarbonate
71
Function of cholecystokinin
Stimulation of pancreatic enzyme secretion, contraction of gall bladder and relaxation of sphincter of oddi
72
Function of gastric inhibitory peptide
Inhibit gastric secretion and stimulates insulin secretion
73
Hormone of heart and its function
Atrial natriuretic factor Helps in decreasing BP
74
Disorders of growth hormone of pituitary gland
Pituitary dwarfism Gigantism Acromegaly (adults)
75
Disorders of antidiuretic hormone and its reason
Diabetes insipidus Neurogenic - lack of ADH Nephrogenic - kidneys have defective nephrons
76
Disorders of pancreas
Diabetes mellitus
77
What happens in diabetes mellitus
The glucose is not metabolized and is in high concentration. Two types are there 1 - insulin isn't formed 2 - insulin needs to be formed in more quantity
78
Name the thyroid gland disorders
Hypothyroidism leads to overall reduction in metabolic activity. In adults called myxedema and in kids cretinism. Hyperthyroidism - Graves' disease.
79
Disorders of parathyroid gland
Hypoparathyroidism and hyperparathyroidism
80
What happens in hyperparathyroidism and hypoparathyroidism
In hypoparathyroidism low concentration of blood calcium causes neurons and muscles to depolarize and twitch. In hyperparathyroidism due to tumor causes excessive reabsorption of calcium and makes bone soft.
81
Disorders of adrenal gland
Addison's disease and Cushing syndrome
82
Addison's disease causes and symptoms
Caused by hyposecretion of glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid. Results in sodium and potassium imbalance, dehydration, rapid weight loss.
83
Cushing syndrome causes and symptoms
Occurs due to the high effect of glucocorticoid because of excessive gluconeogenesis. Body suffers from hyperglycemia and protein shortage.
84
Posterior pituitary is directly under the control of?
Hypothalamus

Animal Science (9 decks)

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