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Animal Science > Endocrine System > Flashcards

Endocrine System Flashcards

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1
Q

Which organ isn’t a part of endocrine gland but still is in endocrine system

A

Thalamus and hypothalamus

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2
Q

Hormone?

A

Low molecular weight chemically heterogeneous non nutrient substance that transport intercellularly and act as a signal molecule

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3
Q

Chemical classification of hormone?

A

Lipid soluble and water soluble

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4
Q

Lipid soluble hormone?

A

Steroid hormones and thyroid hormone

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5
Q

Water soluble hormones

A

Amine hormones, peptide and protein hormones

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6
Q

Steroid hormones derived from?

A

Cholesterol

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7
Q

Thyroid hormone derived?

A

Addition of iodine with tyrosine

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8
Q

Amine hormones formed? Ex?

A

Formed by decarboxylation of amino acid.
Norepinephrine, epinephrine and dopamine by modification of tyrosine

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9
Q

Peptide hormone and eg?

A

3 to 49 aa.
Eg. Oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone

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10
Q

Protein hormones? Eg? Hormone with carbohydrates?

A

50 to 200aa.
Eg. Human growth hormone and insuline
Thyroid stimulating hormone is attached to carbohydrates

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11
Q

What connects the hypothalamus and pituitary gland

A

Infundibulum

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12
Q

Name the hormones hypothalamus secretes?

A

Thyrotropin releasing hormone
Gonadotropin releasing hormone
Growth hormone releasing hormone
Corticotropin releasing hormone
Prolactin inhibiting hormone

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13
Q

What inhibits growth hormone

A

Somatostatin

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14
Q

Two forms of somatostatin

A

Somatostatin 14 : hypothalamus and pancreas
Somatostatin 28: intestine

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15
Q

What is anterior and posterior pituitary also called

A

Anterior: adenohypophysis
Posterior: Neurohypophysis

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16
Q

Two portions of anterior pituitary

A

Pars distalis and pars intermedia

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17
Q

Growth hormone is also called

A

Somatotropin

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18
Q

How does growth hormone work?

A

Growth hormone promotes the movement of amino acids into the cell that turns into protein and produces growth. Indirectly they stimulate mitogen-like insulin-like growth factors that promote cell division.

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19
Q

What decreases the lactogenic effect

A

High level of progesterone

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20
Q

Prolactin gives negative feedback to?

A

GnRH

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21
Q

Tropic hormone

A

The hormones that stimulates other hormones to stimulate the release of other hormone

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22
Q

ADCT stimulates the release of?

A

Corticosteroid

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23
Q

What does FSH do?

A

Development of follicles, secretion of estrogen.
Males: production of sperm

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24
Q

What does LH do?

A

Production of corpus luteum, secretion of progesterone
Males: secretion testosterone

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25
Q

Melanocyte stimulating hormone

A

Produced by pars intermedia. Pigmentation in skin of amphibians

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26
Q

Posterior pituitary stores and releases?

A

Oxytocin and ADH

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27
Q

Function of ADH

A

Water reabsorption and vasoconstrictor

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28
Q

Pineal gland cells are called?

A

Pinealocytes

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29
Q

Pineal gland secretes

A

Melatonin

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30
Q

Which is the largest endocrine gland?

A

Thyroid gland

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31
Q

The two lobes of the thyroid are connected by?

A

Ishtmus

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32
Q

What are the two hormones secreted by thyroid gland?

A

Thyroxin and calcitonin

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33
Q

What are the two hormones secreted by thyroid gland?

A

Thyroxin and calcitonin

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34
Q

The two hormones produced by follicular cells of thyroid.

A

Thyroxin (t4 or tetraiodothyronine) and t3 (triiodothyronine)

35
Q

Parafolicular cells produce which hormone

A

Calcitonin

36
Q

How are t4 and t3 hormone made?

A

Two DIT (Diiodotyrosine) joins to form t4
One MIT (monoidotyrosine) and one DIT forms t3

37
Q

Where are the thyroid hormone receptors exist

A

Nucleus

38
Q

Function of thyroid hormone

A

Increases the basal metabolic rate by stimulating the use of cellular oxygen.
Stimulates the synthesis of Na-K ATPase.

39
Q

Function of calcitonin

A

Decreases the calcium level in the blood by decreasing plasma calcium concentration and promotes osteoblastic activity

40
Q

What does parathyroid gland secrete

A

Parathyroid hormone

41
Q

What is the another name of parathyroid hormone

A

Collip’s hormone

42
Q

Function of parathyroid hormone

A

Increases the level of calcium in the blood by reabsorption of calcium in the kidney, kidney secretes calcitriol and promotes osteoclastic activity.

43
Q

What are the hormones produced by thymus gland

A

Thymosin, thymic humoral factor, thymic factor and thymopoietin

44
Q

What are the cluster of cells called in pancreas

A

Acini

45
Q

What are present between the acini cells

A

Pancreatic islet or islet of langerhans

46
Q

Name four types of hormone producing cell in pancreas

A

A cells - glucagon
B cells - insulin
D cells - somatostatin
F cells - pancreatic polypeptide

47
Q

What does glucagon do

A

Increases glycogenolysis
Decreases glucogenesis
Increases gluconeogenesis
Decreases Glycolysis

48
Q

Function of insulin

A

Lower the blood glucose level
Increases glycolysis
Increases glycogenesis
Inhibit glycogenolysis
Inhibit gluconeogenesis

49
Q

Which GLUT protein respond to insulin

A

GLUT 4

50
Q

Name the two regions in which adrenal gland is divided into

A

Adrenal cortex and adrenal medulla

51
Q

Name the all three regions in which adrenal cortex is divided into

A

Zona glomerulosa
Zona fasciculate
Zona reticularis

52
Q

Name all the hormones of andrenal cortex

A

Mineralocorticoid, glucocorticoid and adrenal androgen

53
Q

Wonders mineralocorticoid do

A

Mineralocorticoid like aldosterone maintains osmotic balance by maintaining the conc of Na and K.

54
Q

Name the glucocorticoid

A

Cortisol, cortisone, and corticosterone

55
Q

Function of glucocorticoid

A

Increases the concentration of amino acid in blood
Inhibit wound healing
Brings adipose tissue in the blood
Resistance to stresses
Induces gluconeogenesis

56
Q

What are the hormonet reducing cell in adrenal medulla called

A

Chromaffin cells

57
Q

What do adrenal medulla produces

A

Epinephrine and norepinephrine

58
Q

From which amino acid epinephrine and norepinephrine are synthesized

A

Tyrosine

59
Q

Epinephrine and norepinephrine are collectively called

A

Catecholamines

60
Q

What does epinephrine and norepinephrine do

A

They increase the heart rate and systolic blood pressure and increase the blood flow to the heart, liver, muscles and tissues and also increases the blood level of glucose and fatty acids.

61
Q

What are the endocrine part of the testis is formed of which cells

A

Interstitial or leydig cells

62
Q

Function of testosterone

A

Secondary growth, male accessory sex glands, and promotes bone growth

63
Q

Function of inhibin

A

Inhibits FSH

64
Q

Which gonadotropin hormone stimulates the production of testosterone

A

Leutinising hormone

65
Q

Which hormone does kidney reduces

A

Renin and erythropoietin

66
Q

Function of renin

A

It stimulates the renin angiotensin aldosterone system. Catalyzes the conversion of angiotensinogen to angiotensin 1 to angiotensin 2, which stimulates aldosterone and increases BP

67
Q

What hormones do placenta secretes

A

Estradiol and progesterone, human chorionic gonadotropin hormone, human somatomammotropin hormone

68
Q

What hormone do gastrointestinal tract secrets

A

Gastrin
Secretin
Cholecystokinin
Gastric inhibitory peptide

69
Q

Function of gastrin

A

Stimulates the secretion of pepsinogen and HCl

70
Q

Secretin

A

Secretion of bicarbonate

71
Q

Function of cholecystokinin

A

Stimulation of pancreatic enzyme secretion, contraction of gall bladder and relaxation of sphincter of oddi

72
Q

Function of gastric inhibitory peptide

A

Inhibit gastric secretion and stimulates insulin secretion

73
Q

Hormone of heart and its function

A

Atrial natriuretic factor
Helps in decreasing BP

74
Q

Disorders of growth hormone of pituitary gland

A

Pituitary dwarfism
Gigantism
Acromegaly (adults)

75
Q

Disorders of antidiuretic hormone and its reason

A

Diabetes insipidus
Neurogenic - lack of ADH
Nephrogenic - kidneys have defective nephrons

76
Q

Disorders of pancreas

A

Diabetes mellitus

77
Q

What happens in diabetes mellitus

A

The glucose is not metabolized and is in high concentration. Two types are there
1 - insulin isn’t formed
2 - insulin needs to be formed in more quantity

78
Q

Name the thyroid gland disorders

A

Hypothyroidism leads to overall reduction in metabolic activity. In adults called myxedema and in kids cretinism.
Hyperthyroidism - Graves’ disease.

79
Q

Disorders of parathyroid gland

A

Hypoparathyroidism and hyperparathyroidism

80
Q

What happens in hyperparathyroidism and hypoparathyroidism

A

In hypoparathyroidism low concentration of blood calcium causes neurons and muscles to depolarize and twitch.
In hyperparathyroidism due to tumor causes excessive reabsorption of calcium and makes bone soft.

81
Q

Disorders of adrenal gland

A

Addison’s disease and Cushing syndrome

82
Q

Addison’s disease causes and symptoms

A

Caused by hyposecretion of glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid. Results in sodium and potassium imbalance, dehydration, rapid weight loss.

83
Q

Cushing syndrome causes and symptoms

A

Occurs due to the high effect of glucocorticoid because of excessive gluconeogenesis.
Body suffers from hyperglycemia and protein shortage.

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