Endocrine System Flashcards
Which organ isn’t a part of endocrine gland but still is in endocrine system
Thalamus and hypothalamus
Hormone?
Low molecular weight chemically heterogeneous non nutrient substance that transport intercellularly and act as a signal molecule
Chemical classification of hormone?
Lipid soluble and water soluble
Lipid soluble hormone?
Steroid hormones and thyroid hormone
Water soluble hormones
Amine hormones, peptide and protein hormones
Steroid hormones derived from?
Cholesterol
Thyroid hormone derived?
Addition of iodine with tyrosine
Amine hormones formed? Ex?
Formed by decarboxylation of amino acid.
Norepinephrine, epinephrine and dopamine by modification of tyrosine
Peptide hormone and eg?
3 to 49 aa.
Eg. Oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone
Protein hormones? Eg? Hormone with carbohydrates?
50 to 200aa.
Eg. Human growth hormone and insuline
Thyroid stimulating hormone is attached to carbohydrates
What connects the hypothalamus and pituitary gland
Infundibulum
Name the hormones hypothalamus secretes?
Thyrotropin releasing hormone
Gonadotropin releasing hormone
Growth hormone releasing hormone
Corticotropin releasing hormone
Prolactin inhibiting hormone
What inhibits growth hormone
Somatostatin
Two forms of somatostatin
Somatostatin 14 : hypothalamus and pancreas
Somatostatin 28: intestine
What is anterior and posterior pituitary also called
Anterior: adenohypophysis
Posterior: Neurohypophysis
Two portions of anterior pituitary
Pars distalis and pars intermedia
Growth hormone is also called
Somatotropin
How does growth hormone work?
Growth hormone promotes the movement of amino acids into the cell that turns into protein and produces growth. Indirectly they stimulate mitogen-like insulin-like growth factors that promote cell division.
What decreases the lactogenic effect
High level of progesterone
Prolactin gives negative feedback to?
GnRH
Tropic hormone
The hormones that stimulates other hormones to stimulate the release of other hormone
ADCT stimulates the release of?
Corticosteroid
What does FSH do?
Development of follicles, secretion of estrogen.
Males: production of sperm
What does LH do?
Production of corpus luteum, secretion of progesterone
Males: secretion testosterone
Melanocyte stimulating hormone
Produced by pars intermedia. Pigmentation in skin of amphibians
Posterior pituitary stores and releases?
Oxytocin and ADH
Function of ADH
Water reabsorption and vasoconstrictor
Pineal gland cells are called?
Pinealocytes
Pineal gland secretes
Melatonin
Which is the largest endocrine gland?
Thyroid gland
The two lobes of the thyroid are connected by?
Ishtmus
What are the two hormones secreted by thyroid gland?
Thyroxin and calcitonin
What are the two hormones secreted by thyroid gland?
Thyroxin and calcitonin
The two hormones produced by follicular cells of thyroid.
Thyroxin (t4 or tetraiodothyronine) and t3 (triiodothyronine)
Parafolicular cells produce which hormone
Calcitonin
How are t4 and t3 hormone made?
Two DIT (Diiodotyrosine) joins to form t4
One MIT (monoidotyrosine) and one DIT forms t3
Where are the thyroid hormone receptors exist
Nucleus
Function of thyroid hormone
Increases the basal metabolic rate by stimulating the use of cellular oxygen.
Stimulates the synthesis of Na-K ATPase.
Function of calcitonin
Decreases the calcium level in the blood by decreasing plasma calcium concentration and promotes osteoblastic activity
What does parathyroid gland secrete
Parathyroid hormone
What is the another name of parathyroid hormone
Collip’s hormone
Function of parathyroid hormone
Increases the level of calcium in the blood by reabsorption of calcium in the kidney, kidney secretes calcitriol and promotes osteoclastic activity.
What are the hormones produced by thymus gland
Thymosin, thymic humoral factor, thymic factor and thymopoietin
What are the cluster of cells called in pancreas
Acini
What are present between the acini cells
Pancreatic islet or islet of langerhans
Name four types of hormone producing cell in pancreas
A cells - glucagon
B cells - insulin
D cells - somatostatin
F cells - pancreatic polypeptide
What does glucagon do
Increases glycogenolysis
Decreases glucogenesis
Increases gluconeogenesis
Decreases Glycolysis
Function of insulin
Lower the blood glucose level
Increases glycolysis
Increases glycogenesis
Inhibit glycogenolysis
Inhibit gluconeogenesis
Which GLUT protein respond to insulin
GLUT 4
Name the two regions in which adrenal gland is divided into
Adrenal cortex and adrenal medulla
Name the all three regions in which adrenal cortex is divided into
Zona glomerulosa
Zona fasciculate
Zona reticularis
Name all the hormones of andrenal cortex
Mineralocorticoid, glucocorticoid and adrenal androgen
What does mineralocorticoid do?
Mineralocorticoid like aldosterone maintains osmotic balance by maintaining the conc of Na and K.
Name the glucocorticoid
Cortisol, cortisone, and corticosterone
Function of glucocorticoid
Increases the concentration of amino acid in blood
Inhibit wound healing
Brings adipose tissue in the blood
Resistance to stresses
Induces gluconeogenesis
What are the hormon producing cell in adrenal medulla called
Chromaffin cells
What do adrenal medulla produces
Epinephrine and norepinephrine
From which amino acid epinephrine and norepinephrine are synthesized
Tyrosine
Epinephrine and norepinephrine are collectively called
Catecholamines
What does epinephrine and norepinephrine do
They increase the heart rate and systolic blood pressure and increase the blood flow to the heart, liver, muscles and tissues and also increases the blood level of glucose and fatty acids.
What are the endocrine part of the testis?
Interstitial or leydig cells
Function of testosterone
Secondary growth, male accessory sex glands, and promotes bone growth
Function of inhibin
Inhibits FSH
Which gonadotropin hormone stimulates the production of testosterone
Leutinising hormone
Which hormone does kidney produces
Renin and erythropoietin
Function of renin
It stimulates the renin angiotensin aldosterone system. Catalyzes the conversion of angiotensinogen to angiotensin 1 to angiotensin 2, which stimulates aldosterone and increases BP
What hormones do placenta secretes
Estradiol and progesterone, human chorionic gonadotropin hormone, human somatomammotropin hormone
What hormone do gastrointestinal tract secrets
Gastrin
Secretin
Cholecystokinin
Gastric inhibitory peptide
Function of gastrin
Stimulates the secretion of pepsinogen and HCl
Secretin
Secretion of bicarbonate
Function of cholecystokinin
Stimulation of pancreatic enzyme secretion, contraction of gall bladder and relaxation of sphincter of oddi
Function of gastric inhibitory peptide
Inhibit gastric secretion and stimulates insulin secretion
Hormone of heart and its function
Atrial natriuretic factor
Helps in decreasing BP
Disorders of growth hormone of pituitary gland
Pituitary dwarfism
Gigantism
Acromegaly (adults)
Disorders of antidiuretic hormone and its reason
Diabetes insipidus
Neurogenic - lack of ADH
Nephrogenic - kidneys have defective nephrons
Disorders of pancreas
Diabetes mellitus
What happens in diabetes mellitus
The glucose is not metabolized and is in high concentration. Two types are there
1 - insulin isn’t formed
2 - insulin needs to be formed in more quantity
Name the thyroid gland disorders
Hypothyroidism leads to overall reduction in metabolic activity. In adults called myxedema and in kids cretinism.
Hyperthyroidism - Graves’ disease.
Disorders of parathyroid gland
Hypoparathyroidism and hyperparathyroidism
What happens in hyperparathyroidism and hypoparathyroidism
In hypoparathyroidism low concentration of blood calcium causes neurons and muscles to depolarize and twitch.
In hyperparathyroidism due to tumor causes excessive reabsorption of calcium and makes bone soft.
Disorders of adrenal gland
Addison’s disease and Cushing syndrome
Addison’s disease causes and symptoms
Caused by hyposecretion of glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid. Results in sodium and potassium imbalance, dehydration, rapid weight loss.
Cushing syndrome causes and symptoms
Occurs due to the high effect of glucocorticoid because of excessive gluconeogenesis.
Body suffers from hyperglycemia and protein shortage.
Posterior pituitary is directly under the control of?
Hypothalamus
