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Brain Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the two subdivisions of nervous system and what kind of nerves do they have

A

Central nervous system includes brain and spinal cord. Peripheral nervous system has spinal nerves, cranial nerve, ganglia and sensory receptors

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2
Q

Describe the divisions of peripheral nervous system

A

Peripheral nervous system is divided into efferent and afferent division. Efferent division is divided into autonomic and somatic nervous system. Autonomic nervous system is divided into sympathetic and para sympathetic nervous system

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3
Q

What is enteric nervous system

A

The nervous system found any digestive tract

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4
Q

What are the parts of neurones

A

Neurones have a cell body, axons and dendrites

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5
Q

What does the cell body have

A

Cell body has lysosomes, mitochondria, golgi complex, free ribosomes and cluster of ER called nissle bodies

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6
Q

How does cell bodies occur in pns

A

They occur in clusters called ganglia

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7
Q

What is axon hillock

A

The part where the cell body and the axon meet

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8
Q

Why are the cytoplasm of the cell body is negatively charged

A

Because it has negatively charged protein

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9
Q

What does axon contains

A

It contains mitochondria microtubules and neurofibrils

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10
Q

Where are multipolar and bipolar neurones found

A

Multipolar neurones are found in brain and spinal cord, bipolar neurones are found in retina of the eye and olfactory areas of the brain

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11
Q

Why are unipolar neurons called pseudounipolar neuron.

A

Because they were bipolar in the beginning of the embryo

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12
Q

Which neuron act every sensory receptors

A

Unipolar neurones

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13
Q

Function of glial cells

A

Glial cells help in feeding the neurons, filling the space and divide into mature neurons

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14
Q

Types of glial cells

A

There are four types of neuroglia in CNS: -
Astrocytes
Oligodendrocytes
Ependymal cells
Microglia

PNS
Schwann Cell
Satellite Cell

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15
Q

What factors affect the electrical transmission

A

Temperature, axon diameter, myelin sheath

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16
Q

What is the protective connective tissue in the cranium and its type

A

Meninges are protective connective tissue.
Dura matar, arachnoid matar and pia matar

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17
Q

What is the name of space between arachnoid matar and pia matar

A

Subarachnoid space and it has cerebrospinal fluid

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18
Q

What is the function of cerebrospinal fluid

A

It helps in transportation of Oxygen and glucose from blood to neurons. It acts as a shock absorbent.

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19
Q

What are ventricles

A

CSF fill the spaces in the brain called ventricles. They are of three types, two lateral ventricles, third ventricle and fourth ventricle.

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20
Q

What is blood brain barrier and how is it made

A

Blood brain barrier helps in filtering out pathogens and harmful substances from blood. It allows transportation of oxygen, carbon dioxide, lipid soluble molecules. It is made up of capillaries that are joint by tight junction

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21
Q

Three major parts of brain and their subtypes

A

Forebrain : Cerebrum and diencephelon (thalamus and hypothalamus)
Mid brain: tectum and tegmentum
Hind brain : cerebellum, medulla and pons

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22
Q

Corpus callosum

A

Mass of fibres in cerebrum

23
Q

Gyri and sulci

A

Gyri are the fold and sulci are the depression

24
Q

What is cerebral cortex

A

The thin outer layer covering of grey matter on the hemisphere

25
Q

What are the deep sulci called

A

Fissure

26
Q

Basal nuclei

A

The several masses of grey matter present in the white matter

27
Q

Why does grey matter appear grey

A

Because nissle bodies impart grey colour

28
Q

Division of cerebrum

A

Frontal lobe, parietal lobe, olfactory lobe and temporal lobe

29
Q

What are the function of all the subtypes of cerebrum

A

Frontal lobe: voluntary activities, speaking ability and elaboration of thought
Parietal lobe: sensory information such as temperature, pain, touch, taste and information about numbers.
Temporal lobe : they help in processing memory and auditory information and speech and language function.
Occipital lobe: they receive and process visual information.

30
Q

Three types of diencephelon

A

Eipthalamus, thalamus and hypothalamus

31
Q

Thalamus function

A

It is situated between the cerebral cortex and midbrain. Sensory awareness of pain, temperature, and touch.

32
Q

Function of hypothalamus

A
  1. Controls body temperature
  2. Uptake of water and food
  3. Controls anterior pituitary hormone secretion and secretes posterior pituitary hormone.
  4. Plays a role in habit and sleep.
  5. Plays a role in emotional and behavioural patterns.
33
Q

What is the second largest part of the brain?

A

Cerebellum

34
Q

Name the two parts of cerebellum

A

Cerebellar cortex and vermis

35
Q

What is called tree of life? Where is it present?

A

Arbor vitae and it is present in the grey matter of the cerebellum.

36
Q

Function of cerebellum

A

Helps in maintaining body posture, maintains muscle tone, voluntary muscle activities and balance.
It also has a role cognition and language processing.

37
Q

Function of medulla.

A

Helps in regulating heartbeat, blood vessel diameter, normal heartbeat rhythm. The nucleus helps in vomiting, sneezing, coughing and hiccuping.

38
Q

Function of pons

A

Facial muscle strength and eye muscle control

39
Q

Function of limbic system

A

Regulation in sexual behaviour, emotion, long term memory and motivation.

40
Q

Three prominent components of the limbic system

A

Cingulate gyrus, hippocampus and amygdala

41
Q

How many spinal nerves are there

A

31 pairs

42
Q

What are nerve ? What are they called in CNS

A

Bundle of axons that form fibre make nerve. They are called tracts in CNS

43
Q

Where does the afferent and efferent neuron connect to the spinal cord?

A

Dorsal root and ventral root

44
Q

What are the nucleus in CNS?

A

Nucleus are the densely packed cell bodies in the CNS

45
Q

What does reflex arc consist?

A

Sensory receptor, sensory neuron, integrating centre, efferent neuron and effector organ.

46
Q

How many cranial nerves are there?

A

12 pairs

47
Q

What is the longest and shortest cranial nerve?

A

Longest: Vagus
Shortest: Trochlear

48
Q

Parasympathetic division origin?

A

The preganglionic neuron originate in brain (brain stem) and sacral region.
Ganglion is present near the effector organ or in the effector organ

49
Q

Sympathetic division origin?

A

Preganglionic neuron originate from cervical and thoracic region. Ganglion is present in the either side of spinal cord.

50
Q

Which neuron releases Acetylcholine

A

Parasympathetic and sympathetic preganglionic neuron, and parasympathetic postganglionic neuron.

51
Q

Which neuron releases norepinephrine

A

Sympathetic postganglionic neuron

52
Q

Length of preganglionic neuron of parasympathetic and sympathetic division

A

Sympathetic: short preganglionic neuron
Parasympathetic: long preganglionic neuron

53
Q

Which system is for flight and fight?

A

Sympathetic

54
Q

Motor neuron axon secrete?

A

Acetylcholine

Animal Science (2 decks)

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