Excretion

Question 1

Flashcard 1:
Q: What is excretion?

Answer 1

A: The removal of toxic materials, the waste products of metabolism, and substances in excess of requirements from organisms.

Question 2

Flashcard 2:
Q: What is deamination?

Answer 2

A: The removal of the nitrogen-containing part of amino acids to form urea.

Question 3

Flashcard 3:
Q: How is urea formed in the liver?

Answer 3

A: The amino group is removed from excess amino acids (deamination) forming ammonia, which then reacts with carbon dioxide to form urea.

Question 4

Flashcard 4:
Q: How is alcohol broken down in the liver?

Answer 4

A: Alcohol is broken down into water and carbon dioxide in a process known as detoxification.

Question 5

Flashcard 5:
Q: How are drugs processed by the liver?

Answer 5

A: Drugs are broken down into less harmful substances and expelled from the body in urine.

Question 6

Flashcard 6:
Q: How does the liver handle excess hormones?

Answer 6

A: Excess hormones are metabolized into inactive molecules and expelled in urine to prevent accumulation in tissues.

Question 7

Flashcard 7:
Q: Identify the positions of the ureter, bladder, and urethra in the excretory system.

Answer 7

A: The ureter carries urine from the kidneys to the bladder, the bladder stores urine, and the urethra expels urine from the body.

Question 8

Flashcard 8:
Q: What are the primary functions of the kidney?

Answer 8

A: The kidneys remove urea and excess water from the blood, reabsorb glucose and some salts, and regulate the body’s fluid balance.

Question 9

Flashcard 9:
Q: Describe the process of re-absorption in the kidneys.

Answer 9

A: Useful substances like glucose are reabsorbed into the blood by diffusion and active transport, while most water and some salts are reabsorbed by osmosis.

Question 10

Flashcard 10:
Q: What is dialysis?

Answer 10

A: A process of removing waste products and excess fluid from the blood when the kidneys cannot filter blood adequately.

Question 11

Flashcard 11:
Q: How does a dialysis machine work?

Answer 11

:
- Blood enters the machine from a patient’s artery.
- A pump pushes blood into the dialyser.
- Blood passes through partially permeable tubing (dialyser) surrounded by dialysis fluid.
- Waste substances pass from the blood to the dialysis fluid by diffusion.
- Cleaned blood returns to the patient’s circulation via a vein.

Question 12

Flashcard 12:
Q: What are the advantages of dialysis?

Answer 12

A: No donor needed, no risk of rejection, and it’s a lifesaver if a transplant is not possible.

Question 13

Flashcard 13:
Q: What are the disadvantages of dialysis?

Answer 13

A:
- Time-consuming and expensive.
- Requires frequent hospital visits.
- Possible mineral loss and dietary restrictions.
- No continuous blood filtration leading to accumulation of waste between sessions.

Question 14

Flashcard 14:
Q: What are the advantages of kidney transplants?

Answer 14

A:
- Allows for a normal life post-transplant.
- Continuous filtration of blood.
- Better quality of life and longer life expectancy.
- Cheaper in the long run compared to dialysis.

Question 15

Flashcard 15:
Q: What are the disadvantages of kidney transplants?

Answer 15

A:
- Risk of rejection and need for immunosuppressant drugs.
- Potential side effects of drugs, like infection vulnerability.
- Surgical risks and need for a closely matched donor.

Question 16

Flashcard 16:
Q: What is the purpose of a dialysis tubing experiment?

Answer 16

A: To separate and identify mixtures of glucose, starch, and sodium chloride by testing their ability to diffuse through dialysis tubing.

Question 17

Flashcard 17:
Q: How do you test for glucose, starch, and sodium chloride in a dialysis tubing experiment?

Answer 17

A:
- Use Benedict’s solution for glucose.
- Use iodine solution for starch.
- Use silver nitrate for sodium chloride.

Question 18

Flashcard 18:
Q: What is the expected outcome in a dialysis tubing experiment?

Answer 18

A:
- Small molecules like glucose and salt will pass through the tubing.
- Large molecules like starch will not pass through.

Question 19

Flashcard 19:
Q: Why is additional glucose given to patients on a dialysis machine?

Answer 19

A: Because the dialysis machine cannot reabsorb glucose in the same way the kidneys can.