Chapter 3: Diversity Of Living Organisms

Question 1

Flashcard 1: Structure of a Virus

Answer 1

Note: Viruses are non-cellular and have no cell contents. The core is a strand of genetic material (DNA or RNA) enclosed in a protein coat known as the capsid.
- Key Points:
- Viruses are non-cellular.
- No cytoplasm or organelles.
- Core contains genetic material (DNA/RNA).
- Enclosed in a protein coat (capsid).

Question 2

Flashcard 2: HIV’s Genetic Material

Answer 2

Note: HIV has RNA as its genetic material.
- Key Point:
- HIV’s genetic material is RNA.

Question 3

Flashcard 3: Arguments For Viruses as Living Organisms

Answer 3

• Key Points:
  
  • Capable of reproduction within host cells.
  • Possess genetic material (DNA/RNA) and can evolve.

Question 4

Flashcard 4: Arguments Against Viruses as Living Organisms

Answer 4

• Key Points:
  
  • Lack cell structure: no cytoplasm or organelles.
  • Six of the seven characteristics of living organisms do not apply to viruses.
  • Reproduction only within host cells.

Question 5

Flashcard 5: Conclusion on Virus Classification

Answer 5

• Key Point:
  
  • Most biologists consider viruses to be non-living and classify them separately from the five kingdoms.

Question 6

Flashcard 6: Flowering Plants and Their Classification

Answer 6

Note: Divided into two classes - Monocotyledons and Dicotyledons based on seed, flower, leaf, and root characteristics.
- Key Points:
- Produce flowers and fruits.
- Monocotyledons: one cotyledon, long and narrow leaves, parallel veins, fibrous roots, floral parts in multiples of 3.
- Dicotyledons: two cotyledons, short and broad leaves, network of veins, taproot, floral parts in multiples of 2 or 5.

Question 7

Flashcard 7: Annelids - External Diagnostic Features

Answer 7

Note: Annelids have long segmented bodies with a fixed number of similar segments. They move with bristles called chaetae and have a flexible non-chitinous cuticle.
- Key Points:
- Long segmented bodies.
- Metameric segmentation.
- Move with chaetae.
- Flexible non-chitinous cuticle.

Question 8

Flashcard 8: Adaptations of Annelids

Answer 8

Note: Adaptations include a fluid-like skeleton (hydrostatic skeleton), mucus for protection and movement, and muscular structure for soil penetration.
- Key Points:
- Hydrostatic skeleton.
- Mucus protection and movement.
- Muscular structure for soil penetration.
- Chaetae for grip and traction.

Question 9

Flashcard 9: Molluscs - External Diagnostic Features

Answer 9

Note: Molluscs have soft, unsegmented bodies with various types of shells (one coiled, two uncoiled, no shell, or internal shell) and a large muscular foot.
- Key Points:
- Soft unsegmented bodies.
- Various shell types.
- Large muscular foot.
- Mouth with a radula for feeding.

Question 10

Flashcard 10: Adaptations of Molluscs

Answer 10

Note: Adaptations include a long rough tongue (radula) for scraping food, tentacles for smell, taste, and sight, and a slimy foot for movement.
- Key Points:
- Long rough radula for feeding.
- Tentacles for sensory functions.
- Slimy foot for movement.
- Moist skin for protection.

Question 11

Flashcard 11: Classes of Arthropods

Answer 11

Note: Arthropods are divided into four classes: Insecta, Crustacea, Arachnida, and Myriapoda.
- Key Points:
- Insecta.
- Crustacea.
- Arachnida.
- Myriapoda.

Question 12

Flashcard 12: Arthropods - External Diagnostic Features

Answer 12

Note: Arthropods have jointed limbs, segmented bodies, and an exoskeleton made of chitin.
- Key Points:
- Jointed limbs.
- Segmented bodies.
- Chitinous exoskeleton.

Question 13

Flashcard 13: Insecta - External Diagnostic Features

Answer 13

Note: Insects have a body divided into three sections, three pairs of legs, and one or two pairs of wings.
- Key Points:
- Body divided into head, thorax, and abdomen.
- Three pairs of legs.
- One or two pairs of wings.
- Compound eyes and antennae.

Question 14

Flashcard 14: Adaptations of Insecta

Answer 14

Note: Adaptations include compound eyes, wings for flight, antennae for sensory functions, and a hard exoskeleton for protection and water retention.
- Key Points:
- Compound eyes.
- Wings for flight.
- Antennae for sensory functions.
- Hard exoskeleton.

Question 15

Flashcard 15: Crustacea - External Diagnostic Features

Answer 15

Note: Crustaceans have a body divided into cephalothorax and abdomen, five or more pairs of legs, and a hard exoskeleton.
- Key Points:
- Body divided into cephalothorax and abdomen.
- Five or more pairs of legs.
- Two pairs of antennae.
- Hard exoskeleton.

Question 16

Flashcard 16: Adaptations of Crustacea

Answer 16

Note: Adaptations include a thick exoskeleton, strong claws for defense and prey capture, and antennae for sensing.
- Key Points:
- Thick hard exoskeleton.
- Strong claws.
- Sensory antennae.

Question 17

Flashcard 17: Arachnida - External Diagnostic Features

Answer 17

Note: Arachnids have a body divided into cephalothorax and abdomen, four pairs of legs, and chelicerae for seizing prey.
- Key Points:
- Body divided into cephalothorax and abdomen.
- Four pairs of legs.
- Chelicerae for prey capture.
- Eight simple eyes.

Question 18

Flashcard 18: Adaptations of Arachnida

Answer 18

Note: Adaptations include poison fangs, strong pincers, and fast movement enabled by their segmented legs.
- Key Points:
- Poison fangs.
- Strong pincers.
- Fast movement.

Question 19

Flashcard 19: Myriapoda - External Diagnostic Features

Answer 19

Note: Myriapods have bodies divided into head and trunk, many jointed legs, and a long segmented trunk.
- Key Points:
- Body divided into head and trunk.
- Many jointed legs.
- Long segmented trunk.

Question 20

Flashcard 20: Adaptations of Myriapoda

Answer 20

Note: Adaptations include poison claws in centipedes for hunting, strong mouthparts in both groups, and a hard exoskeleton.
- Key Points:
- Poison claws (centipedes).

• Strong mouthparts.
• Hard exoskeleton.

Question 21

Flashcard 21: Vertebrates - General Features

Answer 21

Note: All vertebrates have a backbone, an internal skeleton made of bones, and a post-anal tail.
- Key Points:
- Backbone.
- Internal skeleton.
- Post-anal tail.

Question 22

Flashcard 22: Class Osteichthyes - External Diagnostic Features

Answer 22

Note: Osteichthyes have gills, fins, a lateral line, and overlapping scales.
- Key Points:
- Gills with operculum.
- Fins.
- Lateral line.
- Overlapping scales.

Question 23

Flashcard 23: Adaptations of Osteichthyes

Answer 23

Note: Adaptations include a streamlined body, swim bladder, and flexible vertebral column.
- Key Points:
- Streamlined body.
- Swim bladder.
- Flexible vertebral column.

Question 24

Flashcard 24: Class Amphibia - External Diagnostic Features

Answer 24

Note: Amphibians have smooth, moist skin, and webbed hind feet. Adults breathe with lungs and use skin for gaseous exchange.
- Key Points:
- Smooth, moist skin.
- Webbed hind feet.
- Lungs and skin for breathing.

Question 25

Flashcard 25: Adaptations of Amphibia

Answer 25

Note: Adaptations include mucus to prevent drying out, nostrils on top of the head, and tadpoles with gills.
- Key Points:
- Mucus for skin protection.
- Nostrils on top of the head.
- Tadpole gills and adult lungs.

Question 26

Flashcard 26: Class Reptilia - External Diagnostic Features

Answer 26

Note: Reptiles have tough, dry, scaly skin, lay tough, leathery eggs on land, and have four limbs (snakes have none).
- Key Points:
- Tough, dry, scaly skin.
- Leathery eggs.
- Four limbs (snakes excluded).

Question 27

Flashcard 27: Adaptations of Reptilia

Answer 27

Note: Adaptations include dry scaly skin to minimize water loss and leathery eggs for protection.
- Key Points:
- Dry scaly skin.
- Leathery eggs.

Question 28

Flashcard 28: Class Aves - External Diagnostic Features

Answer 28

Note: Birds have feather-covered skin, scales on their legs, toothless beaks, and modified forelimbs as wings.
- Key Points:
- Feathers.
- Leg scales.
- Toothless beaks.
- Winged forelimbs.

Question 29

Flashcard 29: Adaptations of Aves

Answer 29

Note: Adaptations include wings for flight, toothless beaks for feeding, and light, hollow bones.
- Key Points:
- Wings for flight.
- Toothless beaks.
- Hollow bones.

Question 30

Flashcard 30: Class Mammalia - External Diagnostic Features

Answer 30

Note: Mammals have skin covered with hair or fur, mammary glands, external earflaps, and whiskers.
- Key Points:
- Hair or fur.
- Mammary glands.
- External earflaps.
- Whiskers.

Question 31

Flashcard 31: Adaptations of Mammalia

Answer 31

Note: Adaptations include hair for insulation, mammary glands for feeding young, and sweat glands for cooling.
- Key Points:
- Hair for insulation.
- Mammary glands.
- Sweat glands.

Question 32

Flashcard 32: Activity - Drawing Organisms

Answer 32

Note: Observe and draw a local organism, focusing on diagnostic features and adaptations to its environment.
- Key Points:
- Observe in natural environment.
- Draw the organism.
- Label diagnostic features.
- Identify the phylum/class.