Chapter 3: Diversity Of Living Organisms Flashcards
Flashcard 1: Structure of a Virus
Note: Viruses are non-cellular and have no cell contents. The core is a strand of genetic material (DNA or RNA) enclosed in a protein coat known as the capsid.
- Key Points:
- Viruses are non-cellular.
- No cytoplasm or organelles.
- Core contains genetic material (DNA/RNA).
- Enclosed in a protein coat (capsid).
Flashcard 2: HIV’s Genetic Material
Note: HIV has RNA as its genetic material.
- Key Point:
- HIV’s genetic material is RNA.
Flashcard 3: Arguments For Viruses as Living Organisms
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Key Points:
- Capable of reproduction within host cells.
- Possess genetic material (DNA/RNA) and can evolve.
Flashcard 4: Arguments Against Viruses as Living Organisms
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Key Points:
- Lack cell structure: no cytoplasm or organelles.
- Six of the seven characteristics of living organisms do not apply to viruses.
- Reproduction only within host cells.
Flashcard 5: Conclusion on Virus Classification
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Key Point:
- Most biologists consider viruses to be non-living and classify them separately from the five kingdoms.
Flashcard 6: Flowering Plants and Their Classification
Note: Divided into two classes - Monocotyledons and Dicotyledons based on seed, flower, leaf, and root characteristics.
- Key Points:
- Produce flowers and fruits.
- Monocotyledons: one cotyledon, long and narrow leaves, parallel veins, fibrous roots, floral parts in multiples of 3.
- Dicotyledons: two cotyledons, short and broad leaves, network of veins, taproot, floral parts in multiples of 2 or 5.
Flashcard 7: Annelids - External Diagnostic Features
Note: Annelids have long segmented bodies with a fixed number of similar segments. They move with bristles called chaetae and have a flexible non-chitinous cuticle.
- Key Points:
- Long segmented bodies.
- Metameric segmentation.
- Move with chaetae.
- Flexible non-chitinous cuticle.
Flashcard 8: Adaptations of Annelids
Note: Adaptations include a fluid-like skeleton (hydrostatic skeleton), mucus for protection and movement, and muscular structure for soil penetration.
- Key Points:
- Hydrostatic skeleton.
- Mucus protection and movement.
- Muscular structure for soil penetration.
- Chaetae for grip and traction.
Flashcard 9: Molluscs - External Diagnostic Features
Note: Molluscs have soft, unsegmented bodies with various types of shells (one coiled, two uncoiled, no shell, or internal shell) and a large muscular foot.
- Key Points:
- Soft unsegmented bodies.
- Various shell types.
- Large muscular foot.
- Mouth with a radula for feeding.
Flashcard 10: Adaptations of Molluscs
Note: Adaptations include a long rough tongue (radula) for scraping food, tentacles for smell, taste, and sight, and a slimy foot for movement.
- Key Points:
- Long rough radula for feeding.
- Tentacles for sensory functions.
- Slimy foot for movement.
- Moist skin for protection.
Flashcard 11: Classes of Arthropods
Note: Arthropods are divided into four classes: Insecta, Crustacea, Arachnida, and Myriapoda.
- Key Points:
- Insecta.
- Crustacea.
- Arachnida.
- Myriapoda.
Flashcard 12: Arthropods - External Diagnostic Features
Note: Arthropods have jointed limbs, segmented bodies, and an exoskeleton made of chitin.
- Key Points:
- Jointed limbs.
- Segmented bodies.
- Chitinous exoskeleton.
Flashcard 13: Insecta - External Diagnostic Features
Note: Insects have a body divided into three sections, three pairs of legs, and one or two pairs of wings.
- Key Points:
- Body divided into head, thorax, and abdomen.
- Three pairs of legs.
- One or two pairs of wings.
- Compound eyes and antennae.
Flashcard 14: Adaptations of Insecta
Note: Adaptations include compound eyes, wings for flight, antennae for sensory functions, and a hard exoskeleton for protection and water retention.
- Key Points:
- Compound eyes.
- Wings for flight.
- Antennae for sensory functions.
- Hard exoskeleton.
Flashcard 15: Crustacea - External Diagnostic Features
Note: Crustaceans have a body divided into cephalothorax and abdomen, five or more pairs of legs, and a hard exoskeleton.
- Key Points:
- Body divided into cephalothorax and abdomen.
- Five or more pairs of legs.
- Two pairs of antennae.
- Hard exoskeleton.
Flashcard 16: Adaptations of Crustacea
Note: Adaptations include a thick exoskeleton, strong claws for defense and prey capture, and antennae for sensing.
- Key Points:
- Thick hard exoskeleton.
- Strong claws.
- Sensory antennae.
Flashcard 17: Arachnida - External Diagnostic Features
Note: Arachnids have a body divided into cephalothorax and abdomen, four pairs of legs, and chelicerae for seizing prey.
- Key Points:
- Body divided into cephalothorax and abdomen.
- Four pairs of legs.
- Chelicerae for prey capture.
- Eight simple eyes.
Flashcard 18: Adaptations of Arachnida
Note: Adaptations include poison fangs, strong pincers, and fast movement enabled by their segmented legs.
- Key Points:
- Poison fangs.
- Strong pincers.
- Fast movement.
Flashcard 19: Myriapoda - External Diagnostic Features
Note: Myriapods have bodies divided into head and trunk, many jointed legs, and a long segmented trunk.
- Key Points:
- Body divided into head and trunk.
- Many jointed legs.
- Long segmented trunk.
Flashcard 20: Adaptations of Myriapoda
Note: Adaptations include poison claws in centipedes for hunting, strong mouthparts in both groups, and a hard exoskeleton.
- Key Points:
- Poison claws (centipedes).
- Strong mouthparts.
- Hard exoskeleton.
Flashcard 21: Vertebrates - General Features
Note: All vertebrates have a backbone, an internal skeleton made of bones, and a post-anal tail.
- Key Points:
- Backbone.
- Internal skeleton.
- Post-anal tail.
Flashcard 22: Class Osteichthyes - External Diagnostic Features
Note: Osteichthyes have gills, fins, a lateral line, and overlapping scales.
- Key Points:
- Gills with operculum.
- Fins.
- Lateral line.
- Overlapping scales.
Flashcard 23: Adaptations of Osteichthyes
Note: Adaptations include a streamlined body, swim bladder, and flexible vertebral column.
- Key Points:
- Streamlined body.
- Swim bladder.
- Flexible vertebral column.
Flashcard 24: Class Amphibia - External Diagnostic Features
Note: Amphibians have smooth, moist skin, and webbed hind feet. Adults breathe with lungs and use skin for gaseous exchange.
- Key Points:
- Smooth, moist skin.
- Webbed hind feet.
- Lungs and skin for breathing.
