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Biology > Chapter 19:Coordination In Humans Nervous Control > Flashcards

Chapter 19:Coordination In Humans Nervous Control Flashcards

1
Q

Flashcard 1:
Q: What is the main coordinating system of the body responsible for detecting and responding to stimuli?

A

A: The nervous control system.

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2
Q

Flashcard 2:
Q: How does the nervous control system coordinate the body?

A

A: By using electrical impulses through neurons (nerves).

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3
Q

Flashcard 3:
Q: What components make up the nervous control system?

A

A: Receptors, neurons (nerves), effectors (peripheral system), the spinal cord, and the brain (central nervous system).

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4
Q

Flashcard 4:
Q: Name the three types of neurons.

A

A: Sensory neurons, inter (relay/connector) neurons, and motor neurons.

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5
Q

Flashcard 5:
Q: What is the function of sensory neurons?

A

A: Conduct electrical impulses from the receptors (sense organs) to the CNS (brain & spinal cord).

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6
Q

Flashcard 6:
Q: What is the function of inter (relay/connector) neurons?

A

A: Conduct electrical impulses inside the CNS from sensory to motor neurons.

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7
Q

Flashcard 7:
Q: What is the function of motor neurons?

A

A: Conduct electrical impulses from CNS to the effector (muscles and glands).

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8
Q

Flashcard 8:
Q: What are effectors?

A

A: Muscles and glands that respond to stimuli.

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9
Q

Flashcard 9:
Q: How do effectors receive impulses and respond?

A

A: They receive impulses via motor neurons from the CNS, causing muscles to contract and relax or glands to secrete hormones.

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10
Q

Flashcard 10:
Q: What is a synapse?

A

A: A junction between two neurons or between a neuron and an effector.

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11
Q

Flashcard 11:
Q: What are the components of a synapse?

A

A: Presynaptic neuron, synaptic gap, and postsynaptic neuron.

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12
Q

Flashcard 12:
Q: Describe how nerve impulses are transmitted across a synapse.

A

A: 1. A nerve impulse arrives at the end of the presynaptic neuron at the presynaptic knob.
2. Calcium channels open and calcium ions enter the presynaptic neuron knob.
3. Vesicles containing neurotransmitter move towards and fuse with the presynaptic membrane.
4. The vesicles release the neurotransmitter into the synaptic cleft.
5. The neurotransmitter diffuses across the synaptic cleft to the postsynaptic membrane.
6. The neurotransmitter attaches to the receptor site on the postsynaptic membrane.
7. Sodium channels open, and sodium ions enter the postsynaptic neuron.

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13
Q

Flashcard 13:
Q: How does alcohol affect the release of neurotransmitters?

A

A: Alcohol slows down the release of neurotransmitters, resulting in fewer impulses crossing the synapse and slower reaction or response times.

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14
Q

Flashcard 14:
Q: What characterizes voluntary actions?

A

A: Voluntary actions can be controlled, involve a decision or thought process, and are made deliberately and consciously (e.g., kicking a ball).

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15
Q

Flashcard 15:
Q: What characterizes involuntary actions?

A

A: Involuntary actions cannot be controlled, are automatic, and occur without conscious thought (e.g., heartbeat, blinking).

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16
Q

Flashcard 16:
Q: What is a reflex arc?

A

A: The pathway a nerve impulse travels along from the receptor to the effector to bring about a correct reflex action.

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17
Q

Flashcard 17:
Q: Describe the sequence of a reflex arc.

A

A:
1. A stimulus is received by a receptor.
2. The stimulus is converted into a nerve impulse.
3. An impulse is conducted along a sensory neuron to the CNS.
4. The impulse is conducted from the sensory neuron along the interneuron to the motor neuron.
5. The motor neuron conducts the impulse from the spinal cord to the effector.
6. The effector makes the correct response to the original stimulus.

18
Q

Flashcard 18:
Q: What is a reflex action?

A

A: A rapid, automatic, inborn response to a stimulus.

19
Q

Flashcard 19:
Q: Define sense organs.

A

A: Groups of receptor cells responding to specific stimuli: light, sound, touch, temperature, and chemicals.

20
Q

Flashcard 20:
Q: Match the sense organs with their corresponding stimuli.

A

A:
- Skin: Touch, heat, cold, pain, pressure
- Nose: Chemicals in the air (smell)
- Tongue: Chemicals in food (taste)
- Eye: Light, colors (sight)
- Ear: Sound vibrations, motion, gravity (hearing and balance)

21
Q

Flashcard 21:
Q: What is the function of the cornea?

A

A: To allow light to enter the interior of the eyeball and help refract light rays to cause them to converge.

22
Q

Flashcard 22:
Q: What is the function of the lens?

A

A: To focus light onto the retina at the back of the eye and help the eye focus on objects at various distances by changing shape.

23
Q

Flashcard 23:
Q: What is the function of the iris?

A

A: To control the amount of light entering the eye by changing the size of the pupil through the contraction and relaxation of radial and circular muscles.

24
Q

Flashcard 24:
Q: What is the function of the pupil?

A

A: To control the amount of light entering the eye.

25
Q

Flashcard 25:
Q: What is the function of the retina?

A

A: The light-sensitive cells that release impulses when stimulated by light. Rods are concerned with black and white vision, and cones with color vision.

26
Q

Flashcard 26:
Q: What is the function of the optic nerve?

A

A: To transmit impulses from the retina to the visual cortex where they are interpreted.

27
Q

Flashcard 27:
Q: What is the function of the blind spot?

A

A: It is the point where blood vessels enter and leave the eye, and no image is formed.

28
Q

Flashcard 28:
Q: What is the pupil reflex?

A

A: The changing of the size of the pupil in response to light intensity through the antagonistic action of circular and radial muscles in the iris.

29
Q

Flashcard 29:
Q: Describe the pupil reflex in bright light.

A

A:
- Circular muscles of the iris contract.
- Radial muscles of the iris relax.
- Pupil constricts (becomes smaller), allowing less light to enter the eye, preventing retina damage.

30
Q

Flashcard 30:
Q: Describe the pupil reflex in dim light.

A

A:
- Circular muscles of the iris relax.
- Radial muscles of the iris contract.
- Pupil dilates (becomes larger), allowing more light to enter the eye for better vision in dim light.

31
Q

Flashcard 31:
Q: What are antagonistic muscles?

A

A: Muscles that work in pairs but in opposite directions, such as the radial and circular muscles in the iris.

32
Q

Flashcard 32:
Q: What is accommodation in the eye?

A

A: The change in the shape of the lens to focus light coming from different distances.

33
Q

Flashcard 33:
Q: How does the eye accommodate to view near objects?

A

A:
- Ciliary muscles contract.
- Suspensory ligaments become slackened/loose.
- Lens becomes rounder/fatter/more convex to refract light rays more.

34
Q

Flashcard 34:
Q: How does the eye accommodate to view distant objects?

A

A:
- Ciliary muscles relax.
- Suspensory ligaments become taut/tight.
- Lens becomes less convex/flatter/less round as light rays do not need much refraction.

35
Q

Flashcard 35:
Q: What is the function of cones in the retina?

A

A:
- Cones detect color (red, green, and blue).
- Each cone is linked to one neuron, providing a sharp image.
- Cones work in bright light and are more sensitive to light than rods.

36
Q

Flashcard 36:
Q: Where are cones located in the retina?

A

A: Mainly in the fovea centralis (yellow spot), with no cones in the blind spot.

37
Q

Flashcard 37:
Q: What is the function of rods in the retina?

A

A:
- Rods do not detect color.
- Groups of rods are linked to one neuron, providing less sharp images.
- Rods work in dim light.

38
Q

Flashcard 38:
Q: Where are rods located in the retina?

A

A: In the peripheral areas (edges) of the retina, with no rods in the blind spot.

39
Q

Flashcard 39:
Q: How are messages transmitted in the hormonal control system?

A

A: By hormones through the blood.

40
Q

Flashcard 40:
Q: How are messages transmitted in the nervous control system?

A

A: By electrical impulses through neurons/nerves.

41
Q

Flashcard 41:
Q: Compare the speed and response of hormonal and nervous control systems.

A

A:
- Hormonal control: Hormones travel slowly, and the response is slow, usually lasting longer and may be permanent.
- Nervous control: Impulses travel faster, and the response is very fast, usually short-lived and temporary.

42
Q

Flashcard 42:
Q: Where do the responses originate in hormonal and nervous control systems?

A

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Biology (22 decks)

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