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Biology > Chapter 11&10:Human Nutrition Alimentary Canal Digestion And Absorption > Flashcards

Chapter 11&10:Human Nutrition Alimentary Canal Digestion And Absorption Flashcards

1
Q

Flashcard 1:**
Q: What is Vitamin A also known as?

A

A: Retinol

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2
Q

Flashcard 2:
Q: Can the human body produce Vitamin A?

A

A: No, it must be obtained through the diet.

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3
Q

Flashcard 3:
Q: What are some food sources rich in Vitamin A?

A

A: Liver, milk, butter, cheese, yogurt, egg yolk, oily fish, fish liver oils, and green leafy vegetables.

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4
Q

Flashcard 4:
Q: What compound found in green leafy vegetables and colored fruits can be converted into Vitamin A by the liver?

A

A: Beta-carotene

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5
Q

Flashcard 5:
Q: What are the causes of Vitamin A deficiency?

A

A: Consuming a very low-fat diet, lacking food sources like liver and dairy, relying on rice as a main food, and excess alcohol consumption.

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6
Q

Flashcard 6:
Q: What are the effects of Vitamin A deficiency?

A

A: Night blindness, poor complexion and dry skin, and weakened immune system.

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7
Q

Flashcard 7:
Q: What is Vitamin C also known as?

A

A: Ascorbic acid

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8
Q

Flashcard 8:
Q: Is Vitamin C water-soluble or fat-soluble?

A

A: Water-soluble

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9
Q

Flashcard 9:
Q: Why must Vitamin C be consumed daily?

A

A: Because it is not stored in the body and excess is flushed out daily.

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10
Q

Flashcard 10:
Q: What are some food sources rich in Vitamin C?

A

A: Mainly fruits and vegetables like tomatoes, citrus fruits.

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11
Q

Flashcard 11:
Q: What are the causes of Vitamin C deficiency?

A

A: Consuming a diet that lacks fruits and vegetables rich in Vitamin C.

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12
Q

Flashcard 12:
Q: What are the effects of Vitamin C deficiency?

A

A: Slow wound healing, weakened immune system, bruising, bone fractures, and scurvy (bleeding gums).

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13
Q

Flashcard 13:
Q: Why is Vitamin D called the “sunshine vitamin”?

A

A: Because it is produced in response to sunlight.

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14
Q

Flashcard 14:
Q: Is Vitamin D water-soluble or fat-soluble?

A

A: Fat-soluble

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15
Q

Flashcard 15:
Q: What are the sources of Vitamin D?

A

A: Fortified foods, salmon, sardines, fish liver oil, liver, raw milk, butter, cheese, margarine, eggs, and sunlight.

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16
Q

Flashcard 16:
Q: What are the causes of Vitamin D deficiency?

A

A: Strict vegetarian diet, limited exposure to sunlight, and having dark skin.

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17
Q

Flashcard 17:
Q: What are the effects of Vitamin D deficiency?

A

A: Rickets in children, osteomalacia, and osteoporosis in adults.

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18
Q

Flashcard 18:
Q: Why is iodine important for the body?

A

A: It is crucial for thyroid function.

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19
Q

Flashcard 19:
Q: What are some food sources of iodine?

A

A: Seafood like fish, lobster, shellfish, table salt, and vegetables grown in iodine-rich soil.

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20
Q

Flashcard 20:
Q: What are the causes of iodine deficiency?

A

A: Lack of iodine-rich foods and living in regions with iodine-poor soil.

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21
Q

Flashcard 21:
Q: What are the effects of iodine deficiency?

A

A: Goitre, lethargy, fatigue, slow metabolism, and weight gain.

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22
Q

Flashcard 22:
Q: Where is iron found in the body?

A

A: In every cell of the body.

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23
Q

Flashcard 23:
Q: What are some food sources of iron?

A

A: Red meat, pork, liver, kidneys, eggs, dark green leafy vegetables, dried fruits, iron-fortified cereals, and bread.

24
Q

Flashcard 24:
Q: What are the causes of iron deficiency?

A

A: Heavy menstruation, trauma, and surgery.

25
Q

Flashcard 25:
Q: What is the main effect of iron deficiency?

A

A: Anaemia, which reduces the number of red blood cells.

26
Q

Flashcard 26:
Q: What is a balanced diet?

A

A: A diet that contains all seven food nutrients in the correct quantity for growth, repair of body cells, and to stay healthy.

27
Q

Flashcard 27:
Q: Why is a balanced diet important for children?

A

A: It provides antibodies, promotes calcium absorption, and supports rapid growth and high energy needs.

28
Q

Flashcard 28:
Q: What are the dietary needs of adults and workers?

A

A: Maintaining healthy weight, strong immune system, sufficient energy, and calcium for bone strength.

29
Q

Flashcard 29:
Q: Why do pregnant and nursing mothers need a balanced diet?

A

A: For foetal growth, formation of haemoglobin, prevention of constipation, and production of breast milk.

30
Q

Flashcard 30:
Q: What are the dietary needs of athletes?

A

A: More energy-rich food and protein to build muscle mass.

31
Q

Flashcard 31:
Q: Why is a balanced diet crucial for people with HIV/AIDS?

A

A: It boosts their immune system and helps gain weight or build muscle mass.

32
Q

Flashcard 32:
Q: How do age, gender, and activity affect dietary needs?

A

A: They influence the requirements for energy, protein, calcium, and other nutrients.

33
Q

Flashcard 33:
Q: What is starvation?

A

A: Severe lack of food or undernutrition.

34
Q

Flashcard 34:
Q: What are the effects of starvation?

A

A: Use of carbohydrates, fat reserves, muscle protein, and eventually organ breakdown leading to death.

35
Q

Flashcard 35:
Q: What causes constipation?

A

A: Lack of dietary fiber.

36
Q

Flashcard 36:
Q: What are the effects of constipation?

A

A: Difficult egestion and potential colon cancer.

37
Q

Flashcard 37:
Q: What causes coronary heart disease?

A

A: Eating too much animal fat leading to cholesterol buildup in coronary arteries.

38
Q

Flashcard 38:
Q: What are the effects of coronary heart disease?

A

A: Heart attacks due to inadequate supply of glucose and oxygen to heart muscles.

39
Q

Flashcard 39:
Q: What causes obesity?

A

A: Overconsumption of sugary, refined, and fatty foods.

40
Q

Flashcard 40:
Q: What are the effects of obesity?

A

A: Diabetes and coronary heart disease.

41
Q

Flashcard 41:
Q: What causes scurvy?

A

A: Lack of Vitamin C.

42
Q

Flashcard 42:
Q: What are the effects of scurvy?

A

A: Weak blood vessel walls, bruising, bleeding gums, poor wound healing, and anaemia.

43
Q

Flashcard 43:
Q: What is ingestion?

A

A: The taking in of substances into the body through the mouth.

44
Q

Flashcard 44:
Q: What is digestion?

A

A: The breakdown of food into smaller pieces (mechanical digestion) and the breakdown of large, insoluble molecules into smaller, soluble molecules (chemical digestion).

45
Q

Flashcard 45:
Q: What is absorption?

A

A: The movement of small food molecules and ions through the wall of the intestine into the blood.

46
Q

Flashcard 46:
Q: What is egestion?

A

A: The passing out of food that has not been digested or absorbed through the anus.

47
Q

Flashcard 47:
Q: What is the role of the mouth in digestion?

A

A: Chewing food, mixing with saliva, and initiating starch digestion with amylase.

48
Q

Flashcard 48:
Q: What is the function of the oesophagus?

A

A: Transporting food from the mouth to the stomach through peristalsis.

49
Q

Flashcard 49:
Q: What does the stomach do in digestion?

A

A: It churns food, mixes it with gastric juice, and begins protein digestion with pepsin.

50
Q

Flashcard 50:
Q: What happens in the duodenum?

A

A: Completion of most digestion, release of intestinal juice, and neutralization of stomach acid by bile.

51
Q

Flashcard 51:
Q: What is absorbed in the ileum?

A

A: Amino acids, glucose, fructose, water-soluble vitamins, and minerals.

52
Q

Flashcard 52:
Q: What is the role of the large intestine?

A

A: Absorbing water and minerals, compacting undigested food into feces, and egesting it.

53
Q

Flashcard 53:
Q: What causes cholera?

A

A: The bacterium Vibrio cholerae.

54
Q

Flashcard 54:
Q: How is cholera contracted?

A

A: By eating food or drinking water contaminated with infected feces.

55
Q

Flashcard 55:
Q: What are the symptoms of cholera?

A

A: Vomiting, severe watery diarrhea, dehydration, and loss of salts.

56
Q

Flashcard 56:
Q: How does the cholera bacterium cause diarrhea?

A

A: By producing a toxin that causes secretion of chloride ions into the small intestine, leading to osmotic movement of water into the gut.

Biology (22 decks)

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