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exam6 Flashcards

1
Q

What stain would you use for genus Mycobacterium?

A

acid-fast stain

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2
Q

What genus will stain as an acid fast bacilli?

A

Mycobacterium

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3
Q

How does Genus Mycobacterium look?

A

thin, straight rods, tend to clump

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4
Q

How is Genus Mycobacterium classified?

A

growth rates

colonial colors

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5
Q

If you were to run a gram stain on Genus Mycobacterium, how would it stain?

A

gram positive

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6
Q

What type of media is required to grow mycobacterium in a lab?

A

selective media such as Lowenstein agar, Middlebrook agar

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7
Q

Describe the cell wall of genus mycobacterium.

A

complex waxes

long chained fatty acids “mycolic acids”

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8
Q

What is the mycobacterium quality that makes the cell wall difficult to stain and difficult to decolorize when you get it stained?

A

the presence of long chained fatty acids “mycolic acids” and waxes in the cell wall

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9
Q

Why does genus mycobacterium need a selective media?

A

mycobacterium has a slow growth rate of the pathogenic species

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10
Q

What is the causative agent of tuberculosis?

A

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

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11
Q

What is the primary lesion of someone who is infected with mycobacterium tuberculosis?

A

tubercle

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12
Q

How is mycobacterium tuberculosis spread?

A

pulmonary, through aerosols (droplets)

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13
Q

When someone is infected with mycobacterium tuberculosis, what is causing most of the damage? What is being inhibited?

A

damage: macrophages
inhibited: lysosomal fusion (the phagosome and lysosome will NOT come together)

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14
Q

Is mycobacterium tuberculosis phagocytized?

A

YES

BUT the fusion of the phagosome and lysosome is INHIBITED

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15
Q

What are the virulence factors of mycobacterium tuberculosis?

A

cording factor

cell wall lipids

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16
Q

What bacteria is associated with the Ghon complex?

A

mycobacterium tuberculosis

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17
Q

Describe a Ghon complex.

A

macrophages surround the organism, leading to central caseous necrosis/ lesions

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18
Q

Why do calcified lesions develop in someone suffered from untreated mycobacterium tuberculosis?

A

The body doesn’t like holes in tissues. This is the body trying to fill in where there has been macrophage damage because they have been trying to do their job.

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19
Q

If you are needing to differentiate an image you see on an X-ray from TB or a fungal infection, what test should you order?

A

acid fast stain

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20
Q

A positive result of a TB skin test is what hypersensitivity reaction?

A

Type 4 (delayed)

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21
Q

What does PPD stand for?

A

purified protein derivative

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22
Q

If you have a positive skin test for TB, does that mean you HAVE TB?

A

It means you have been exposed

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23
Q

Which TB skin test is done by sticking the antigen into the skin?

A

HINT: like stabbing someone with FORK

Tine test

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24
Q

Which TB test is done by injected a little but of antigen under the skin?

A

Mantoux Test

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25
Q

If you see a lump of induration after the initial poke from your TB test, what does that indicate?

A

positive skin test

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26
Q

What would be the next step if someone comes back with a positive TB skin test?

A

get chest x-ray

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27
Q

What does XRTB stand for?

A

extremely resistant TB

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28
Q

How would a case of mycobacterium tuberculosis be treated?

A

long term (6-9 months) combination of antibiotics

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29
Q

What organism is used as a vaccine against mycobacterium tuberculosis?

A

mycobacterium bovis

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30
Q

What is the BCG vaccine problematic?

A

gives permanent positive skin test

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31
Q

What does BCG vaccine stand for?

A

Bacille Calmette Guerin

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32
Q

What organism may cause respiratory disease in cows?

A

mycobacterium bovis

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33
Q

How is mycobacterium bovis spread to humans?

A

through unpasturized milk

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34
Q

When would you need to be concerned about mycobacterium bovis?

A

with cows outside of the USA and those unpasteurized milk products

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35
Q

What organism has the reservoir of armadillos?

A

Mycobacterium leprae

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36
Q

What is the reservoir of Mycobacterium leprae?

A

armadillos

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37
Q

What is the causative agent for Hansen’s disease?

A

Mycobacterium leprae

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38
Q

What disease does Mycobacterium leprae cause?

A

Hansen’s disease (leprosy)

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39
Q

What environment does mycobacterium leprae prefer?

A

cooler areas of body

extremities, this is also why armadillos are the reservoir

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40
Q

What is damage seen with mycobacterium leprae?

A 
damage is IMMUNE RELATED
damage to extremities
nerve damage
bone reabsorption
secondary infections
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41
Q

What are the forms of mycobacterium leprae?

A

lepromatous

tuberculoid

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42
Q

How is mycobacterium leprea treated?

A

sulfa drugs

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43
Q

Can you reverse the damage of mycobacterium leprae?

A

NO- ONCE DAMAGE IS DONE, IT CAN’T BE REVERSED

44
Q

Does mycobacterium leprae grow easily in the lab?

A

NO- hence why virulence is poorly understood

45
Q

What does pertussis mean?

46
Q

What is the virulence factor of Bordetella pertussis?

A

Exotoxin that causes ADP ribosylation –> coughing reflexes stimulated

47
Q

What is the causative agent of Whooping cough?

A

Bordetella pertussis

48
Q

What organism has ADP ribosylation that stimulates coughing relfex?

A

Bordetella pertussis

49
Q

What are the phases of whooping cough?

A

prodromal
paroxymal
convalescence

50
Q

How does the prodromal phase of whooping cough present?

A

sneezing
coughing
runny nose
-non descript respiratory symptoms

51
Q

How does the catarrhal phase of whooping cough present?

A

sneezing
coughing
runny nose
-non descript respiratory symptoms

52
Q

What is the Bordetella pertussis organism doing in the prodromal phase?

A

establishes in the upper respiratory tract

-NO indication that you have a serious disease

53
Q

How does the paroxymal stage of whooping cough present?

A

uncontrolled coughing due to systemic exotoxin
mucus production and vomiting
anoxia (extreme form of hypoxia)
ruptured ear drums

54
Q

How does the convalescence phase of whooping cough present?

A

gradual recovery
respiratory damage
ear drum damage
secondary infections

55
Q

Compared to family Enterobacteriaceae, how do the the miscellaneous bacteria that are gram negative, oxidase positive, bacilli in size different?

A

THINNER than Enterobacteriacae

and OXIDASE POSITIVE

56
Q

Is there a vaccine for Bordetella pertussis?

What is a problem with it?

A

Yes! Adults have started to experience mild pertussis cases in adults, they can transmit to unvaccinated babies/ adults. Boosters may be needed

57
Q

What is the causative agent of bacterial pink eye?

A

Hemophilus aegyptius

58
Q

What is the causative agent of epidemic purulent conjunctivitis?

A

Hemophilus aegyptius

59
Q

You pick up your kid from daycare and notice that they are experiencing inflammation of the sclera with pus formation What organism do you suspect?

A

Hemophilus aegyptius

60
Q

What does Hemophilus aegyptius cause?

)

A

bacterial pink eye (aka epidemic purulent conjunctivitis

61
Q

What is the causative agent of chancroid?

A

Haemophilus ducreyi

62
Q

What disease does Haemophilus ducreyi cause?

D

A

Chancroid

uncommon STD

63
Q

What disease do lesions of the organism Hermophilus ducreyi resemble?

64
Q

How would you differentiate between Hemophilus ducreyii and Treponema palladium?

A

run a silver impregnation stain and with the absence of spirochetes, then run a gram stain

65
Q

What gram negative, thin bacilli causes meningitis, pneumonia, otitis media?

A

Hemophilus influenzae

66
Q

Does hemophilus influenzae cause the flu?

A

NO- it is a secondary invader

67
Q

Does hemophilus influenzae cause the flu?

A

NO- it is a secondary invader

68
Q

What is the virulence factor of hemophilus influenzae?

A

polyribitol ribosyl phosphate capsule

69
Q

Where does the carrier state exist for Hemophilus influenzae?

A

upper respiratory tract

70
Q

What factors are needed to grow hemophilus influenzae in the lab?

A

X: hemin
V: NAD

71
Q

You are growing an organism on enriched media, you notice that it is satellite around staphylococcus aureus colonies. What organism do you suspect?

A

Hemophilus influenzae

72
Q

What is the milder form of Legionnaires’ disease?

A

Pontiac fever

73
Q

What does Legionella pneumophila cause?

A

Legionnaire’s disease

74
Q

What amount of infectious dose does Legionella pneumophila need?

A

LARGE infectious dose, hence this organism is more likely to be in a compromised host

75
Q

What organism would you expect to find in any of the following?
cooling towers
fountains
misting devices
air conditioners
ANYTHING THAT SPRAYS WATER
HINT: it infected elderly people at a convention that were all staying the same hotel

A

Legionella pneumonphila

76
Q

What organism will cause pneumonia in compromised individuals after contaminated water droplets have been inhaled?

A

Legionella pneumonphila

77
Q

What organism would you suspect to find in a health club, pools, hot tubs, saunas?

A

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

78
Q

What is the virulence factor of Pseudomonas aeruginosa?

A

exotoxin ADP ribosylation on EF 2

79
Q

What organism has a sweet acetic acid smell?x

A

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

80
Q

What organism has a pyocyanin pigment on agar?

A

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

81
Q

If a patient has cystic fibrosis and is using salt water spray as a therapy, what organism might this individual be at risk for if the medial equipment is not properly maintained?

A

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

82
Q

If a patient is a burn victim and is undergoing burn therapy with the use of Hubbard tanks to remove the dead skin, what organism might be an opportunist in this situation?

A

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

83
Q

Where would you find nosocomial pseudomonas aeruginosa?

A

medical equipment and water supply in the hospital that isn’t properly maintained

84
Q

What organism might you pick up from a hot tub?

A

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

85
Q

Anything that involves a water source can be contaminated with ______.

A

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

86
Q 
What organisms are:
gram negative
oxidase positive
thin bacilli
ALL ZOONOSES?
A

Aeromonas
Brucella
Pasturella
Francisella

87
Q

What organism has a zoonosis of cold blooded animals (fish and frogs)?

A

Aeromonas hydrophilia

88
Q

What organisms are associated with necrotizing fasciitis?

A

Vibrio vulinifcus
Aeromonas hydrophilia

From last exam:
Streptococcus pyogenes
Staphylococcus aureus

89
Q

If you see a frog with red leg, what organism do you suspect?

A

Aeromonas hydrophilia

90
Q

What is the zoonosis of Aeromonas hydrophilia?

A

cold blooded animals

fish and frogs

91
Q

What organism has a zoonosis of cattle and bison?

A

Brucella abortus

92
Q

What is the zoonosis of Brucella abortus?

A

cattle and bison

93
Q

What can Brucella abortus cause in cattle?

A

abortion in cattle

94
Q

How is Brucella abortus spread?

A

handling contaminated tissues (aborted cattle)

drinking unpasteurized

95
Q

What organisms are associated with drinking unpasteurized milk?

A

Coxiella burnetii
Mycobacterium bovis
Brucella abortus

Last Exam:
Listeria monocytogenes milk

96
Q

You are a ranchers near Yellowstone and notice that a cow is down in the field and has lost its calf. What organism is you main concern?

A

Brucella abortus

97
Q

How would you distinguish Aeromonas hydrophilia from Vibrio vulnificus?

A

shape
Aeromonas hydrophilia- thin bacilli

Vibrio vulificus- curved bacilli

98
Q

What is the zoonosis of Pasteurella multocida?

A

domestic animals (large food animals and domestic pets)

99
Q

Where would Pasteurella multocida normally be found?

A

normal flora in oral cavity of dogs and cats

100
Q

You have a patient come in and is experiencing fever and inflammation after being bitten by a dog or cat. What bacteria do you suspect?

A

Pasteurella multocida

101
Q

What organism is associated with shipping fever in food animals?

A

Pasteurella multocida

102
Q

What is the causative agent of tularemia?

A

Francisella tularensis

103
Q

What is another term for tularemia?

A

rabbit fever

104
Q

What is the zoonosis of Francisella tularensis?

A 
wild animals (deer and rabbits)
maybe even domesticated rabbits
105
Q

How is Franisella tularensis spread?

A

many modes of transmission
-handling of infected tissues
can penetrate intact skin

106
Q

What is the level of infectious dose of the Francisella tularensis?

A

low infectious dose

107
Q

What organisms have ADP ribosylation toxins? (4)

A

Escherichia coli (fluid secretion)

Vibrio cholera (fluid secretion)

Pseudomonas aeruginosa (EF 2)

Bordetella Pertussis (coughing reflex)

Last Exam:

Corynebacterium diphtheriae (EF 2)

Microbiology (12 decks)

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