Exam Three Flashcards
numbering prefixes for naming
- meth 1
- eth 2
- prop 3
- but 4
- pent 5
- hex 6
- hept 7
- oct 8
- non 9
- dec 10
alkyl groups
- always attached to the parent chain
numbered from end NEAREST to the FIRST ALKYL GROUP - have the ending of “yl”
- put prefix if there’s more than one attached to different carbon
(methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl
constitutional isomers
- have the same formula but different atomic connections
geometric isomers
- ALKENES can exist as geometric isomers
- cis: same side
- trans: different sides
naming carboxylic acids
- have that -OH group
- “oic” acid ending
preparation of esters
- turns into a carboxylic ion and an alcohol
- example of HYDROLYSIS
heterocyclic amines
- contain at least 1 N in the ring
amides
- produced from the reaction of a carboxylic acid with an amine
- process of HYDROLYSIS
classification of alcohols
classified according to the # of C attached to the C directly attached to the OH
aldehydes & ketones
- ketones (O=C-C-C) “al”
- aldehydes (O=C-H) “one”
- named and numbered from end nearest to CARBONYL GROUP
primary alcohols
- OXIDIZE into ALDEHYDES - then turns into CARBOXYLIC ACIDS
secondary alcohols
OXIDIZE INTO KETONES
benedict’s reagent
- produces a color change
- contains Cu2+
- helps oxidize aldehyde selectively
catalytic hydrogenation
- helps reduce the carbonyl group of aldehydes and ketones (C=O)
- where hydrogen gas can be added to a double bond in the presence of platinum (Pt)
types of chemical reactions
SYNTHESIS: A+B = C
DECOMPOSITION: AB = A + B
SINGLE REPLACEMENT: A+BC = AC + B
DOUBLE REPLACEMENT: AB+CD = AD+CB
hydration
- water added to a double bond (ALKENE) with prescence of ACID to form an ALCOHOL
dehydration
- the reverse of hydration
ALCOHOL to form an ALKENE
how many atm is a pressure of 760 torr?
1 atm
oxidation & reduction
OXIDATION:
- the loss of electrons
- gaining of oxygen
- losing hydrogen
REDUCTION:
- the gain of electrons
- the loss of oxygen
- gaining hydrogen
*always occur together through REDOX
gas properties
- gases behave similar to their nature
- particles do not interact with one another
- free to move about container
- collide with container walls
pressure
the force of the collisions that take place between gas particles and an object
stp
1 atm - 740 mmHg = 760 torr
mixtures
- contain TWO OR MORE PURE SUBSTANCES
- homogeneous - uniform distribution
- heterogenous - NOT UNIFORM DIST.
classification of biochemical compounds
- HYDROPHILIC: soluble in water (can form H-bonds/resembles water)
- HYDROPHOBIC: insoluble in water (very long hydrocarbon chains)
- AMPHIPATHIC: both
units of mEq
1 mol Na+ = 1 Eq
1 mol Ca2+ = 2 Eq
suspensions
- contains large particles suspended in a liquid
- particles are VISIBLE to the NAKED EYE
- will SETTLE DUE TO GRAVITY
colloids
- contain particles larger than solutions but smaller than suspensions
- CANNOT BE SEEN WITH NAKED EYE - particles
- does not settle while standing
osmosis
the net movement of water across a membrane from the solution of lower concentration to the solution of higher concentration
saturated solvent
holds the maximum amount of solute that can be dissolved
aldehydes oxidize to what?
carboxylic acids
