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CHEM 105 LECTURE > Chapter 10 Lecture > Flashcards

Chapter 10 Lecture Flashcards

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1
Q

carbohydrates

A
  • these are often found within our starches & sugars
  • these are also seen within plants during photosynthesis
  • they help PROVIDE ENERGY + USED TO STORE ENERGY
  • our STORED CARBS = (once broken down) = help CREATE ENERGY!
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2
Q

how do we classify carbs?

A
  • monosaccharides
  • oligosaccharides
  • polysaccharides
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3
Q

monosaccharides

A
  • mono = one
  • the building blocks to create other carbohydrates
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4
Q

oligosaccharides

A
  • yield/contain 2-10 monosaccharide residues
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5
Q

polysaccharides

A
  • poly = many
  • yield/contains 10+
    monosaccharide residues
  • gives structural strength
  • stores energy
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6
Q

what are monosaccharides?

A
  • polyhydroxylated ALDEHYDES or KETONES
    *contains 3 or more C atoms
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7
Q

classification of monosaccharides

A
  • can be classified by functional group
    ALDOSES - aldehydes
    KETOSES - ketones
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8
Q

carbon atom suffixes

A

triose - 3
tetrose - 4
pentose - 5
hexose - 6
heptose - 7
octose - 8
nonose - 9

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9
Q

stereoisomers

A
  • have the same MOLECULAR FORMULA
  • have the same ATOMIC CONNECTIONS
  • have a different 3-D SHAPE
  • can only be INTERCHANGED BY BREAKING BONDS
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10
Q

cis isomer

A

functional groups (substituents) that are on the SAME SIDE of some plane

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11
Q

trans isomers

A

functional groups (substituents) that are on the OPPOSING/TRANSVERSE sides

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12
Q

enantiomer

A

non-superimposable mirror image forms of a molecule
- can only be INTERCONVERTED by BREAKING BONDS
- also called CHIRAL MOLECULES

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13
Q

chiral c atoms

A

C atom that is attached to 4 different atoms/groups of atoms

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14
Q

fischer projections

A
  • basic drawings or representations of chiral molecules
  • horizontal lines: TOWARD the viewer
  • vertical line: AWAY from the viewer
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15
Q

D or L sugars

A
  • monosaccharides can be classified through placement of -OH (also known as D or L sugars)
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16
Q

D sugars

A

-OH group attached to the chiral carbon atom FURTHEST from the carbonyl points to the RIGHT

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17
Q

L sugars

A

-OH group attached to the chiral carbon atom FURTHEST from the carbonyl points to the LEFT

18
Q

D-glucose

A
  • known as dextrose/blood sugar
  • composed of starch & glycogen
19
Q

D-galactose

A
  • combines with glucose; makes lactose
20
Q

D-fructose

A
  • also known as “fruit sugar’
  • the most ABUNDANT ketose
  • is a source of energy
21
Q

Deoxy sugars

A
  • -OH group of a monosaccharide is replaced by H
22
Q

Amino sugars

A

-OH group of a monosaccharide replaced by an amino -NH2 group

23
Q

Alcohol sugars

A

carbonyl group of a monosaccharide REDUCED to an alcohol group

24
Q

carboxylic acid sugars

A

aldehyde or -OH group OXIDIZED to form a carboxyl group

25
Q

reduction

A

C=O of an aldehyde or ketone (w/ the presence of H2 or Pt) becomes an ALCOHOL

26
Q

oxidation

A

Enzymes catalyze the oxidation of aldehydes and alcohol groups of monosaccharides to form carboxylic acid sugars

27
Q

benedict’s reagent

A
  • oxidizes aldehydes
  • (+) test: reducing sugars
  • sugar: being oxidized, while copper is reduced
28
Q

hemiacetal form

A

cyclic form of monosaccharides
*alcohol group reacts with aldehyde or ketone

29
Q

name of two cyclic forms

A

alpha anomer
beta anomer

30
Q

alpha anomer

A

C #1 -OH - pointing DOWN

31
Q

beta anomer

A

C #1 - OH - pointing UP

32
Q

full name of monosaccharide

A
  • specifies alpha & beta
  • ring size
  • also D or L sugars
33
Q

6 membered ring

A

pyranose

34
Q

5 membered ring

A

furanose

35
Q

what do two glucose molecules create?

A

creation of a GLYCOSIDIC BOND or aka MALTOSE (dissaccharide)

36
Q

how to name glycosidic bonds

A
  • through alpha and beat anomers
  • **only use both alpha and beta within name if both are ANOMERIC CARBONS!!!!!!!!!!
37
Q

anomeric carbon

A

always on the RIGHT SIDE OF THE OXYGEN

38
Q

homopolysaccharides

A

contains one type of monosaccharide
*most common

39
Q

heteropolysaccharides

A

contains more than one type of monosaccharide

40
Q

cellulose

A
  • type of poly.
  • important in plant structure
  • humans do not have proper enzymes to HYDROLYZE cellulose
41
Q

starch

A
  • type of poly.
  • energy storage for plants
  • coiled structure due to alpha (1 to 4) glycosidic bond
42
Q

glycogen

A
  • “animal starch”
  • energy storage molecule

CHEM 105 LECTURE (17 decks)

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