Chapter 10 Lecture Flashcards
carbohydrates
- these are often found within our starches & sugars
- these are also seen within plants during photosynthesis
- they help PROVIDE ENERGY + USED TO STORE ENERGY
- our STORED CARBS = (once broken down) = help CREATE ENERGY!
how do we classify carbs?
- monosaccharides
- oligosaccharides
- polysaccharides
monosaccharides
- mono = one
- the building blocks to create other carbohydrates
oligosaccharides
- yield/contain 2-10 monosaccharide residues
polysaccharides
- poly = many
- yield/contains 10+
monosaccharide residues - gives structural strength
- stores energy
what are monosaccharides?
- polyhydroxylated ALDEHYDES or KETONES
*contains 3 or more C atoms
classification of monosaccharides
- can be classified by functional group
ALDOSES - aldehydes
KETOSES - ketones
carbon atom suffixes
triose - 3
tetrose - 4
pentose - 5
hexose - 6
heptose - 7
octose - 8
nonose - 9
stereoisomers
- have the same MOLECULAR FORMULA
- have the same ATOMIC CONNECTIONS
- have a different 3-D SHAPE
- can only be INTERCHANGED BY BREAKING BONDS
cis isomer
functional groups (substituents) that are on the SAME SIDE of some plane
trans isomers
functional groups (substituents) that are on the OPPOSING/TRANSVERSE sides
enantiomer
non-superimposable mirror image forms of a molecule
- can only be INTERCONVERTED by BREAKING BONDS
- also called CHIRAL MOLECULES
chiral c atoms
C atom that is attached to 4 different atoms/groups of atoms
fischer projections
- basic drawings or representations of chiral molecules
- horizontal lines: TOWARD the viewer
- vertical line: AWAY from the viewer
D or L sugars
- monosaccharides can be classified through placement of -OH (also known as D or L sugars)
D sugars
-OH group attached to the chiral carbon atom FURTHEST from the carbonyl points to the RIGHT
L sugars
-OH group attached to the chiral carbon atom FURTHEST from the carbonyl points to the LEFT
D-glucose
- known as dextrose/blood sugar
- composed of starch & glycogen
D-galactose
- combines with glucose; makes lactose
D-fructose
- also known as “fruit sugar’
- the most ABUNDANT ketose
- is a source of energy
Deoxy sugars
- -OH group of a monosaccharide is replaced by H
Amino sugars
-OH group of a monosaccharide replaced by an amino -NH2 group
Alcohol sugars
carbonyl group of a monosaccharide REDUCED to an alcohol group
carboxylic acid sugars
aldehyde or -OH group OXIDIZED to form a carboxyl group
reduction
C=O of an aldehyde or ketone (w/ the presence of H2 or Pt) becomes an ALCOHOL
oxidation
Enzymes catalyze the oxidation of aldehydes and alcohol groups of monosaccharides to form carboxylic acid sugars
benedict’s reagent
- oxidizes aldehydes
- (+) test: reducing sugars
- sugar: being oxidized, while copper is reduced
hemiacetal form
cyclic form of monosaccharides
*alcohol group reacts with aldehyde or ketone
name of two cyclic forms
alpha anomer
beta anomer
alpha anomer
C #1 -OH - pointing DOWN
beta anomer
C #1 - OH - pointing UP
full name of monosaccharide
- specifies alpha & beta
- ring size
- also D or L sugars
6 membered ring
pyranose
5 membered ring
furanose
what do two glucose molecules create?
creation of a GLYCOSIDIC BOND or aka MALTOSE (dissaccharide)
how to name glycosidic bonds
- through alpha and beat anomers
- **only use both alpha and beta within name if both are ANOMERIC CARBONS!!!!!!!!!!
anomeric carbon
always on the RIGHT SIDE OF THE OXYGEN
homopolysaccharides
contains one type of monosaccharide
*most common
heteropolysaccharides
contains more than one type of monosaccharide
cellulose
- type of poly.
- important in plant structure
- humans do not have proper enzymes to HYDROLYZE cellulose
starch
- type of poly.
- energy storage for plants
- coiled structure due to alpha (1 to 4) glycosidic bond
glycogen
- “animal starch”
- energy storage molecule
