Chapter 14 Lecture Flashcards
anabolism
the biosynthesis of LARGER CMPDS FROM SMALLER CMPDS.
- typically REDUCTIVE (addition of electrons)
- ENERGY REQUIRED
catabolism
- LARGER CMPDS. BROKEN DOWN into SMALLER CMPDS.
- energy RELEASED
- OXIDATIVE (release of electrons)
linear
- a CONTINUOUS LINE of SERIES of RXNS
- PRODUCT of one reaction is REACTANT in other
ex. glycolysis
circular
- series of rxns. where FINAL PRODUCT is the INITIAL REACTANT
ex. Krebs cycle
spiral
- series of REPEATED REACTIONS used to BREAK or MAKE a MOLECULE
ex. fatty acids degradation
spontaneous or favorable reaction
- CONTINUES ITSELF ONCE STARTED
- energy is RELEASED (-deltaG)
nonspontaneous or unfavorable reaction
- WILL NOT TAKE PLACE UNLESS IT IS COUPLED !!
- with a SPONTANEOUS OR FAVORABLE RXN.
coupled reaction
paired nonspon. + spon. rxn
in a coupled rxn…?
- spontaneous rxn PROVIDES ENERGY NEEDED by a nonspontaneous or favorable one
ex. forming ATP (+deltaG)
catabolism and anabolism linked through?
- through ATP and HYDROLYSIS
in ATP:
- the energy is then STORED into a PHOSPHODIESTER BOND - HIGH ENERGY BOND
catabolism always begins with?
digestion
starch digestion
- begins within the MOUTH
- starch amylase CATALYZES the HYDROLYSIS of alpha (1-4) GLYCOSIDIC BONDS
- other remaining starch is broken in the SMALL INTEST.
triglyceride digestion
- needs the EMULSFICATION OF TRIGLYCERIDES by BILE SALTS
- often broken down in the SMALL INTEST.
- FATTY ACIDS are RELEASED
protein digestion
- begins in the STOMACH
- the enzyme PEPSIN CATALYZES HYDROLYSIS of PEPTIDE BONDS
- SMALL INTEST- rest of peptide bonds
- AMINO ACIDS RELEASED, then absorbed into blood
glycolysis
the breakdown of GLUCOSE into PYRUVATE
- is a 10 STEP LINEAR PATHWAY/UNIVERSAL PATHWAY
- occurs in CELL CYTOPLASM
1 glucose — 2 pyruvates + 2 ATP + 2 NADH
glycolysis steps 1-5
- known as the PREP or INVESTMENT PHASE
- because of the INPUT OF ENERGY
- will require 2 ATP
based with the conversion of 1 GLUCOSE into 2 GLYCERALDEHYDE 3-PHOSPHATES
glycolysis steps 6-10
- called the PAY-OFF PHASE
- production of FOUR ATP and 2 NADH
- production of 2 PYRUVATE
glycolysis step 3
- the MAIN REG. STEP
- ATP becomes a NEG. EFFECTOR for PFK
because of cell energy “rich” - GLYCOLYSIS TURNED OFF - ADP becomes a POST. EFFECTOR
because of cell energy “poor” - GLYCOLYSIS TURNED ON
what does anaerobic conditions lead to?
LACTATE FORMATION
- due to vigorous exercise
what happens to lactate produced in the muscles?
- beings with the CORI CYCLE
1. LACTATE goes into BLOOD and sent to LIVER
2. LIVER: LACTATE - PYRUVATE
3. PYRUVATE goes through GLUCONEOGENSIS
4. GLUCOSE goes into BLOOD and MUSCLES
5. GLUCOSE - PYRUVATE *glycolysis
6. PYRUVATE - LACTATE
repeat
what does aerobic condtions lead to?
acetyl-CoA formation
- PYRUVATE converted into acetyl-CoA
gluconeogenesis
the making of GLUCOSE from LACTATE or some AMINO ACIDS
- occurs in LIVER and DURING EXERCISE
- also occurs during FASTING or EARLY STAGES of STARVATION
- *glucose - brain fuel
what happens to acetyl-Coa once formed?
enters the CITRIC ACID CYCLE/TRICARBOXYLIC ACID CYCLE/KREBS CYCLE
- 8 step circular path
- C ATOMS in acetyl group - FULLY OXIDIZED
