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CHEM 105 LECTURE > Exam Five Flashcards > Flashcards

Exam Five Flashcards

1
Q

enzymes

A
  • referred as biological catalysts
  • often end in “ase”
  • named often based on the reaction they catalyze
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2
Q

enzyme urease accepts only one specific substrate, considered:

A

absolute specificity

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3
Q

enzyme alcohol dehydrogenase can oxidize many alcohols, considered:

A

relative specificity

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4
Q

cofactors

A
  • some enzymes need cofactors to function
  • can be inorganic ions
  • can be organic compounds/coenzymes
    (derived from vitamins)
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5
Q

the optimum pH of most enzymes is about

A

7

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6
Q

the optimum pH of pepsin is about

A

1.5

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7
Q

temperature optimum of most enzymes

A

typically 37 degrees celcius

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8
Q

Michaelis menten enzymes

A
  • has two parameters: Km and Vmax
  • Km: the affinity between an enzyme and substrate
  • Vmax: maximum velocity or reaction rate
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9
Q

enzyme inhibitors

A
  • compounds that reduce an enzyme’s activity
  • IRREVERSIBLE INHIBITORS: react covalently with enzymes (ex. aspirin)
  • REVERSIBLE INHIBITORS: bind to enzyme and interfere with its activity (temporary inhibitory effect)
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10
Q

competitive inhibitors & noncompetitive inhibitors

A
  • COMPETITIVE:
    binds to the substrate binding site & also affects affinity or Km
  • NONCOMPETITIVE:
    binds tp site different that active site & also affects the Vmax
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11
Q

allosteric enzymes

A
  • consists of more than one polypeptide chain
  • cooperative behavior: binding of substrate to the active site that affects binding of the substrate at other subunits
  • has positive and negative effectors (enhance-increase rate/reduce-slow)
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12
Q

negative effectors

A

helps prevent its own overproduction
through FEEDBACK INHIBITION

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13
Q

activity of some enzymes is controlled by the formation of inactive enzyme precursors:

A
  • zymogens
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14
Q

lipids

A

insoluble in water and found in a living system

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15
Q

fatty acids

A
  • have even number of carbons
  • have around 12-20 carbons
  • insoluble in water
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16
Q

types of fatty acids

A
  • saturated fatty acids
    higher melting & boiling points due to packed tails through london forces
  • monosaturated fatty acids
    cannot pack well due to cis double bonds
  • polyunsaturated fatty acids
    will have lowest boiling points due to cis double bonds
17
Q

omega 3 fatty acids

A
  • between 1st double bond between C3-C$
18
Q

waxes

A
  • esters
  • made from a FA and a very long chain alcohol
  • serve as protective barriers
19
Q

triglycerides

A
  • made from 3 FA and 1 glycerol
  • provide energy
    provide 2x more calories vs. carbs and proteins
    stored in adipose tissue
20
Q

fats

A
  • more SATURATED FATTY ACIDS
  • solids
  • melting points above room temp.
21
Q

vegetable oils

A
  • more UNSATURATED FATTY ACIDS
  • liquids
  • melting points below room temp.
22
Q

cell membranes

A

has double layer of lipids

23
Q

cholesterol

A
  • made in the liver
  • transported in body by lipoproteins
  • precursor to all other steroids
24
Q

lipoproteins

A
  • four types based on density
    carry lipids between different organs and tissues
  • chylomicrons, VLDLs, LDLs, and HDLs
25
Q

entire set of chemical reactions occurring in a living system

A

metabolism

26
Q

anabolism

A
  • biosynthesis of large cmpds from small ones
  • energy required
  • reductive gaining of electrons
27
Q

catabolism

A
  • large cmpds are broken down into smaller ones
  • released energy
  • oxidative release of electrons
28
Q

metabolic pathways

A
  • groups of chemical reactions
  • only few are regulated by allosteric enzymes
  • can be linear, circular or spiral
29
Q

ATP

A
  • stored in the phosphodiester bond/high-energy bond
30
Q

starch digestion

A
  • begins in mouth
  • hydrolysis of alpha (1-4) glycosidic bonds
  • unhydrolyzed starch is broken in SI
31
Q

triglyceride digestion

A
  • begins in the stomach
  • requires emulsification of triglycerides by bile salts
  • fatty acids released
33
Q

glycolysis

A
  • universal pathway
  • 10 step linear pathway
  • requires 2 atp
    first 5 steps: investment phase
    6-10 steps: pay-off phase
  • “energy rich” - turned on
  • “energy poor” - turned off
34
Q

Cori cycle

A
  • lactate: formed in muscles -liver
    liver: lactate - pyruvate
    glycogenesis (pyruvate - glucose)
    glucose - blood and muscles
    (glucose-pyruvate) glycolysis
35
Q

pyruvate

A

aerobic conditions: converted to acetyl coA
anaerobic conditions: converted to lactate (intense exercise)

36
Q

gluconeogenesis

A
  • making of glucose from lactate or other amino acids
  • within liver
    occurs during exercise or fasting
37
Q

citric acid cycle

A
  • krebs cycle
  • takes place in mitochondria
  • 8 step circular pathway
  • produces a lot of energy
  • energetically favorable

CHEM 105 LECTURE (17 decks)

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