Chapter 11 Lecture Flashcards
lipids
- insoluble in water
- can be found in living systems
fatty acids
- known as CARBOXYLIC ACIDS
- will always have an EVEN NUMBER of CARBONS
- has around 12-20 CARBONS
saturated fatty acids
- only has SINGLE BONDS
monounsaturated fatty acids
only has ONE DOUBLE BOND
polyunsaturated fatty acids
contain TWO OR MORE double bonds
why do saturated fatty acids have HIGHER melting and boiling points?
- tails are packed through LONDON FORCES
- INCREASED CHAIN LENGTH = INCREASED INTERACTION
- more CARBONS - HIGHER BOILING POINT
unsaturated fatty acids; why do they have LOWER melting and boiling points?
- due to CIS double bonds
- cannot pack well
- due to this; means that POLYUNSATURATED FATTY ACIDS have the LOWEST melting and boiling points
what does the length of the hydrocarbon chain do?
- makes fatty acids INSOLUBLE in water
fatty acid + strong base(NaOH) =
forms an ANION
- increases its HYDROPHILIC NATURE
- product becomes AMPHIPATHIC
omega-3 fatty acids
- named from LAST C on the HYDROCARBON CHAIN: DESIGNATED OMEGA
- 1st double bond is between C3-C4
- INCREASES HDL levels
- LOWERS LDL/triglyceride lvls
- DECREASE BP/HEART DISEASE
waxes
- found in forms of ESTERS
- from a FA + long chain alcohol
- serve as PROTECTIVE BARRIERS
triglycerides
- created from 3 FA + 1 glycerol (hydrocarbon + alcohol) = ester groups
- GLYCEROL = TRIOL (backbone for fatty acids to attach)
fats
have more SATURATED FATTY ACIDS
- melting points - ABOVE ROOM TEMP
- SOLIDS
vegetable oils
- has more UNSATURATED FATTY ACIDS
- melting points BELOW ROOM TEMP
- LIQUIDS
triglycerides
- the primary role is to PROVIDE ENERGY
- g per g; provide 2 TIMES more calories vs. carbs and proteins
- stored in ANIMAL ADIPOSE TISSUE
important reactions of triglycerides
- CATALYTIC HYDROGENATION (reduction)
- SAPONIFICATION
catalytic hydrogenation
- reduction
- alkene + H2/Pt —creation of SOLIDS/ALKANE
partial hydrogenation
commonly used to make “spreadable oils’’
- only several ALKENES are converted, not all into solids
- can convert some double bonds to CIS to TRANS
saponification
- the HYDROLYSIS of an ESTER in the PRESENCE OF A STRONG BASE
- NaOH - solid soap
- KOH - liquid soap
phospholipids and glycoplipids
- the basic structure of CELL MEMBRANES
- a double layer of lipids
- have both hydrophobic & hydrophilic ends
phospholipids
- have the PHOSPHATE IONN
- two types:
1. GLYCEROPHOSPHOLIPIDS
2. SPHINGOPHOSPHOLIPIDS
glycerophospholipids
considered AMPHIPATHIC
sphingopholipids
has fatty acid = sphingosine - phosphate - alcohol
glycolipids
- contains SUGAR RESIDUES
- attached to SPHINGOSINE
- determines BLOOD TYPE
steroids
- have 2 FUSED 6-MEMBERED RINGS + 1 5MEMBERED RING
- called the “steroid ring”
- is HYDROPHOBIC
3 types:
1. CHOLESTEROL
2. STEROID HORMONES
3. BILE SALTS
cholesterol
- made in the LIVER
- transported through the body through LIPOPROTEINS
- PRECURSOR to other STEROIDS
what are the four major types of lipoproteins?
- chylomicrons
- very low density lipoproteins (VLDLs)
- low density lipoproteins (LDLs)
- high density lipoproteins (HDLs)
chylomicrons
mainly carry triglycerides (++)
VLDLs very low-density lipoproteins
carry
- triglycerides (++)
- phospholipids
- cholesterol
LDLs low-density lipoproteins
- considered BAD CHOLESTEROL
- carries cholesterol and phospholipids FROM THE LIVER to the TISSUES
- high in cholesterol
HDLs high-density lipoproteins
carries cholesterol and phospholipids FROM TISSUES to LIVER
- known as a GOOD CHOLESTEROL
- high in proteins
steroid hormones
known as SEX HORMONES or ADRENOCORTICOID HORMONES
- made from cholesterol
