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Psychology > Exam revision > Flashcards

Exam revision Flashcards

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1
Q

Hereditary factors

A

Factors that influence development genetically passed down from biological parents

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2
Q

Environmental factors

A

Factors that influence development from an individual’s physical or social surroundings

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3
Q

Enriched environment

A

A person’s basic needs are met

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4
Q

Deprived environment

A

A person’s basic needs aren’t met

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5
Q

Biological

A

Relates to the body and it’s systems

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6
Q

Psychological

A

Relates to cognitive and emotional functioning

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7
Q

Social

A

Relates to an individual’s interaction with the external environment

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8
Q

Attachment

A

The bond between an infant and their mother or primary caregiver

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9
Q

A British psychiatrist who began researching attachment in the 1940s

A

John Bowlby

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10
Q

Bowlby’s four phases of attachment

A

Pre-attachment, preliminary attachment, clear-cut attachment, goal-directed partnership

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11
Q

Canadian scientist who researched infant attachment in an experimental setting

A

Mary Ainsworth

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12
Q

Insecure avoidant attachment (type A)

A

Unbothered by their mother’s presence or absence

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13
Q

Secure attachment (type B)

A

Distressed when the mother leaves but happy when she returns

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14
Q

Insecure resistant attachment (type C)

A

Very distressed when the mother leaves the room and not comforted by her return

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15
Q

Harlow monkey experiments (1958)

A

Separated 8 infant monkeys from their mother 6-12 hours after birth. Placed them with surrogate mothers made of wire or cloth. Four of the cloth mothers provided food and four of the wire mothers provided food.

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16
Q

Cognitive development

A

The growth and maturing of our thinking processes

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17
Q

A Swiss psychologist who believed that individual’s cognitive development moves through 4 distinct stages in childhood.

A

Jean Piaget

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18
Q

Assimilation

A

the cognitive process of incorporating new information into an existing schema.

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19
Q

Accommodation

A

the cognitive process of restructuring an existing schema in order to fit new information.

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20
Q

Sensorimotor stage

A

Birth-2 years
Cognitive accomplishments: Object permanence, goal directed behaviour

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21
Q

Pre-operational stage

A

2-7 years
Cognitive accomplishments: Animism, symbolic thinking

22
Q

Concrete operational stage

A

7-11 years
Cognitive accomplishments:
Reversibility of thought, conservation

23
Q

Formal operational stage

A

12+ years
Cognitive accomplishments:
Abstract thinking, hypothetico-deductive reasoning

24
Q

How many stages does Erikson’s theory have?

A

8

25
Q

Stage 1

A

Birth-18 months, trust vs mistrust

26
Q

Stage 2

A

18 months-3 years. autonomy vs shame and doubt

27
Q

Stage 3

A

3-5 years, initiative vs guilt

28
Q

Stage 4

A

6-12 years, industry vs inferiority

29
Q

Stage 5

A

Adolescence, identity vs role confusion

30
Q

Stage 6

A

Young adulthood, intimacy vs isolation

31
Q

Stage 7

A

Middle adulthood, generativity vs stagnation

32
Q

Stage 8

A

Late adulthood, integrity vs despair

33
Q

Critical period

A

Fixed period of time, cannot acquire skill after this time frame.

34
Q

Sensitive period

A

flexible and broad period of time, skills easier to acquire during this time, but can be learnt after

35
Q

Example of critical period

A

Learning a first language

36
Q

Example of sensitive period

A

Learning a second language

37
Q

Scientist that invented phrenology

A

Franz Joseph Gall

38
Q

Two scientists that studied split brain surgery

A

Roger Sperry, Michael Gazzaniga

39
Q

Hemisphere that processes language

A

Left hemipshere

40
Q

Neurogenesis

A

The production of new neurons

41
Q

Neural migration

A

The movement of new neurons in to their final place in the nervous system

42
Q

Synaptogenesis

A

New synapses are formed between neurons

43
Q

Synaptic pruning

A

The removal of extra, unused or weak synaptic connections

44
Q

6 stages of brain development

A

Neurogenesis, neural migration, neural maturation, synaptogenesis, synaptic pruning, myelination

45
Q

Sprouting

A

New connections between neurons

46
Q

Rerouting

A

An undamaged neuron finding a new connection with another undamaged neuron after losing connection with a damaged neuron

47
Q

Huntingtons disease cause

A

Single gene defect from mum or dad

48
Q

How many stages of CTE are there

A

4

49
Q

Extraneous variable

A

Anything that is not the independent variable that can affect the results

50
Q

Controlled variable

A

Variable held constant throughout the study

51
Q

Dependent variable

A

Variable that’s measured

52
Q

Independent variable

A

Standalone, unchanged variable

Psychology (10 decks)

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