EXAM REVIEW: Unit 7: 19th-Century Perspectives and Political Developments Flashcards
Congress of Vienna and date (19th)
1814-15: Restored the balance of power in Europe (Concert system) until the unification of germany
When was the end of the HRE? (19th)
1806
Know the differences between conservatism and liberalism (19th)
Conservatism: regarded tradition as the basic source of human institutions and the proper state and society remained those before the French Revolution
Liberalism: emphasized popular sovereignty, individual rights, and enlightened self-interest
Decembrist Uprising in Russia (19th)
1825, Alexander I’s death led to a power vacuum
First upper-class revolt against Russia’s autocratic system of government
Sought to prevent Nicholas I’s assumption of the throne
Russia under Nicholas I is not representative and corrupt
France under Louis XVIII (19th)
shift from moderate to conservative
Constitutional monarchy (Charter of 1814)
1815, thousands of former revolutionaries murdered by royalist mobs (“White Terror”)
Ideology which people believed rights are best guaranteed by a written constitution, with careful definition of the limits to
which governmental actions may go (e.g. Declaration of Independence; Declaration of the
Rights of Man)(19th)
Liberalism/liberals
Greek Revolution 1821 (19th)
Concerned the “Eastern Question”: Which European countries would fill the void in the
Balkans resulting from the decline of the Ottoman Empire?
England, France and Russia accepted Greece’s Christian appeal and joined into a united
force that defeated combined Turkish and Egyptian naval forces.
Treaty of Adrianople (1829): recognized Greek independence
July Revolution in France (19th)
1830: Response to Charles X implementing the July Ordinances to avoid revolution (took away freedom of the press)
Louis Philippe (19th)
1830-1839 Became new king of France under a constitutional monarchy; known as the “Bourgeoisie King”
Press censorship abolished (previously put in by Charles X)
Gov is now under control of the wealthy middle class
Giuseppe Mazzini (19th)
Italian nationalist whose writings spurred the movement for a unified and independent Italy (1805-1872). Wanted a centralized democratic republic based on universal male suffrage and will of the people in Italy
“Iron law of wages” claimed by who? (19th)
David Ricardo
Thomas Malthus (19th)
believed human population would eat itself out of existence.
Reform Bill of 1832 (19th)
In Britain, Made the House of Commons the supreme power, Sought to eliminate underpopulated electoral districts (“rotten boroughs”) and replace
them with representation from new manufacturing districts and cities
Revolutions of 1848 (19th)
series of republican revolts against European monarchies, beginning in Sicily and spreading to France, Germany, Italy, and the Austrian Empire.
Largely a fail, nationalism would weaken, but liberals would continue to fight for reform
What did the “Age of Realpolitik” refer to?” (19th)
Realpolitik policies were employed in response to the failed REVOLUTIONS OF 1848 as means to strengthen states and tighten social order.
February Revolution (19th)
1848: Working class and liberals unhappy with King Louis Philippe, especially his minister
Francois Guizot (who opposed electoral reform); King forced to abdicate (France)
New emperor of the Second French Republic, elected in 1848 (19th)
Emperor Louis Napoleon III
First war to end the romanticism for war, failure of the concert of Europe, between Ottoman and Russian empire (19th)
Crimean War (1853-1856)
Great Britain and France join the Ottomans, Russia is defeated (needed modernization!!)
Transition into more modern, technologically advanced wars
Klemens von Metternich (19th)
foreign minister of Austria who aimed to maintain the European balance of power and meet an international equilibrium of political and military forces; opposed to the ideas of a dual revolution; defender of his class and privileges and blamed liberalism as cause of war.
Peace of Paris (19th)
first one gave France larger boundaries and no war reparations (1792). the second was also moderate towards France, restoring Louis XVIII to the throne and removing some territory, requiring France pay an indemnity and support a large army for five years.
Karlsbad Decrees (19th)
issued in 1819, these decrees were designed to uphold Metternich’s conservatism, drove liberalism and nationalism underground by requiring the German states to root out subversive ideas and squelch any liberal organizations
John Locke, “natural rights” (19th)
governments should protect humans “natural rights,” which are best guaranteed by a written constitution, with careful definition of the powers of government (Declaration of Independence); characteristic of liberalism.
Jeremy Bentham, utilitarianism (19th)
utility of any proposed law or institution was based on “the greatest happiness of the greatest number,” proponent of Poor Laws
Reform Bill of 1832 (19th)
a milestone in British history, it increased the number of voters from six percent to twelve, now including the upper middle class rather than just the aristocracy. it gave greater representation to the new manufacturing districts and cities that rose up in the industrial revolution - the house of commons was now supreme over the house of lords
Who would lead Germany and unify it? (19th)
Otto Von Bismark
How will Bismark succeed in unifying Germany in 1871? (19th)
-nationalism
-implement his own reforms to reduce the appeal of socialism (ex: women right to vote)
What were the Prussian-Danish, Austro-Prussian, and Franco-Prussian wars? (19th)
Wars which would lead to the unification of Germany under Bismark
First king of Germany after unification by Bismark (19th)
Wilhelm I
Results of the Prussian wars after 1871 (19th)
Unified Germany, increased militarism and concert of Europe will be over
Reforms by Bismark (19th)
In Germany, meant to nationalize Germany (during and after unification)
-Kulturkampf: attempt to unify through discrimination against Catholics (he was protestant, people don’t support)
-protective tariffs
-social reforms
Kulturkampf (19th)
attempt at unification of Germany by Bismarck by discrimination against Catholics (he was protestant, people don’t support)
Dreyfus Affair (19th)
1894: Alfred Dreyfus was falsely accused of giving French military secrets to Nazi Germany
result of growing anti antisemitism against Jews
The Irish Question (19th)
End of the 19th century: Should Ireland have home rule apart from Britain? (Independence)
TORY PARTY: conservatives under Disraeli, did not want home rule, especially by Catholics (most Protestant)
WHIG PARTY: liberals under Gladstone, wanted Irish home rule
TORY PARTY (19th)
TORY PARTY: conservatives under Disraeli, did not want home rule, especially by Catholics (most Protestant)
WHIG PARTY (19th)
WHIG PARTY: liberals under Gladstone, wanted Irish home rule
Young Turks (19th)
Ottoman empire; favored replacing Ottoman Empire’s absolute monarchy (under Sultan Abdul Hamid) with a constitutional government
Kemal Ataturk (19th)
led Turkish forces in creating a new republic of Turkey in 1923
Tsar that emancipated the serfs in 1861 (19th)
Tsar Alexander II (tsar after Nicholas I)
Sergei Witte (19th)
prime minister of finance in Russia during the rule of Alexander II, promotes industrialization
Duma (19th)
Russian Parliament, created 1905
Russian Revolution of 1905/ “Bloody Sunday”
included worker strikes, peasant unrest, and military mutinies, partly aimed at the tsar and nobilty
largely fails, however, tsar Nicholas II promises to reform and give more power to the Duma
October Manifesto
Result of Russian revolutions of 1905, tsar Nicholas II promises to reform by granting civil liberties (freedom of speech, press)
Created a legislative body, the Duma
Time period of OLD imperialsm (19th)
1500-1800, Europeans establish colonies in the Americas, India, Southeast Asia, Africa, and China
When did NEW imperialism emerge? (19th)
1870s
SOCIAL causes of imperialism (19th)
- missionaries spread christianity
- share western civilization
-racism
How did social Darwinism apply to 19th century imperialism? (19th)
“survival of the fittest,” larger, more powerful countries would naturally take over weaker ones, their ways were better
Inventions which would aid western Europe in imperialism (19th)
maxim gun, steam driven warships/railroads, quinine (drug that treated malaria)
Valuable resources from Africa (19th)
petroleum, gold, diamonds, coffee, cotton, rubber
The presence of which country in the Congo would set off the competition for imperialism in Africa? (19th)
Belgium (Leopold II)
Berlin Conference (19th)
1884: conference of European powers to set rules for colonizing and dividing Africa
-any country could claim land
-no African leaders attend
Who wrote “White Man’s Burden” and what did it state? (19th)
Rudyard Kipling, justified European imperialism by stating they were “helping” colonized people because white ways are better
Boer Wars (19th)
Imperialism
War between Great Britain and the Boers in South Africa (Cape town) over control of the country
Britain wants to take Cape from the Boers, the Boers resist, however, will be defeated by the British
Only African nation to resist the Europeans during imperialism (19th)
Ethiopia (under Menelik II)
British imperial control in India (19th)
-India had high profits due to its textile industry and diamonds
-British East India Company is run inside of India, without interference from Britain
-British attempt to end the caste system, spread Christianity
-Sepoy mutany: sepoy soldiers do not agree with British army rules (religious)
Sepoy Rebellion (19th)
began in May 1857 when Indian sepoys (soldiers) serving in the British East India Company’s army rose up against their British officers
leads to growing Indian nationalism, desire for self rule from Britain
Boxer Rebellion (19th)
1900: Patriotic uprising by Chinese nationalists against Western
encroachment, was put down by imperial powers in 1900
Led US ships to Japan and demanded they trade with the US (19th)
Matthew Perry
Opium Wars (19th)
1839-1842: Britain sells opium to China, China soon requests the stop of the sale of opium, Britain refuses, China declares war, defeat
Treaty of Nanjing(Nanking) (19th)
End of Opium wars between China and Britain
Taiping Rebellion (19th)
Large-scale rebellion against the Qing dynasty and the presence of foreigners in China. The peasants, having suffered floods and famines in the late 1840s, were ripe for rebellion, which came under the leadership of Hong Xiuquan.
US Open door policy with China (19th)
prevented any one nation from monopolizing trade with China, allowing free trade in all of the zones of control.
