EXAM REVIEW: Unit 7: 19th-Century Perspectives and Political Developments Flashcards
Congress of Vienna and date (19th)
1814-15: Restored the balance of power in Europe (Concert system) until the unification of germany
When was the end of the HRE? (19th)
1806
Know the differences between conservatism and liberalism (19th)
Conservatism: regarded tradition as the basic source of human institutions and the proper state and society remained those before the French Revolution
Liberalism: emphasized popular sovereignty, individual rights, and enlightened self-interest
Decembrist Uprising in Russia (19th)
1825, Alexander I’s death led to a power vacuum
First upper-class revolt against Russia’s autocratic system of government
Sought to prevent Nicholas I’s assumption of the throne
Russia under Nicholas I is not representative and corrupt
France under Louis XVIII (19th)
shift from moderate to conservative
Constitutional monarchy (Charter of 1814)
1815, thousands of former revolutionaries murdered by royalist mobs (“White Terror”)
Ideology which people believed rights are best guaranteed by a written constitution, with careful definition of the limits to
which governmental actions may go (e.g. Declaration of Independence; Declaration of the
Rights of Man)(19th)
Liberalism/liberals
Greek Revolution 1821 (19th)
Concerned the “Eastern Question”: Which European countries would fill the void in the
Balkans resulting from the decline of the Ottoman Empire?
England, France and Russia accepted Greece’s Christian appeal and joined into a united
force that defeated combined Turkish and Egyptian naval forces.
Treaty of Adrianople (1829): recognized Greek independence
July Revolution in France (19th)
1830: Response to Charles X implementing the July Ordinances to avoid revolution (took away freedom of the press)
Louis Philippe (19th)
1830-1839 Became new king of France under a constitutional monarchy; known as the “Bourgeoisie King”
Press censorship abolished (previously put in by Charles X)
Gov is now under control of the wealthy middle class
Giuseppe Mazzini (19th)
Italian nationalist whose writings spurred the movement for a unified and independent Italy (1805-1872). Wanted a centralized democratic republic based on universal male suffrage and will of the people in Italy
“Iron law of wages” claimed by who? (19th)
David Ricardo
Thomas Malthus (19th)
believed human population would eat itself out of existence.
Reform Bill of 1832 (19th)
In Britain, Made the House of Commons the supreme power, Sought to eliminate underpopulated electoral districts (“rotten boroughs”) and replace
them with representation from new manufacturing districts and cities
Revolutions of 1848 (19th)
series of republican revolts against European monarchies, beginning in Sicily and spreading to France, Germany, Italy, and the Austrian Empire.
Largely a fail, nationalism would weaken, but liberals would continue to fight for reform
What did the “Age of Realpolitik” refer to?” (19th)
Realpolitik policies were employed in response to the failed REVOLUTIONS OF 1848 as means to strengthen states and tighten social order.
February Revolution (19th)
1848: Working class and liberals unhappy with King Louis Philippe, especially his minister
Francois Guizot (who opposed electoral reform); King forced to abdicate (France)
New emperor of the Second French Republic, elected in 1848 (19th)
Emperor Louis Napoleon III
First war to end the romanticism for war, failure of the concert of Europe, between Ottoman and Russian empire (19th)
Crimean War (1853-1856)
Great Britain and France join the Ottomans, Russia is defeated (needed modernization!!)
Transition into more modern, technologically advanced wars
Klemens von Metternich (19th)
foreign minister of Austria who aimed to maintain the European balance of power and meet an international equilibrium of political and military forces; opposed to the ideas of a dual revolution; defender of his class and privileges and blamed liberalism as cause of war.
Peace of Paris (19th)
first one gave France larger boundaries and no war reparations (1792). the second was also moderate towards France, restoring Louis XVIII to the throne and removing some territory, requiring France pay an indemnity and support a large army for five years.
Karlsbad Decrees (19th)
issued in 1819, these decrees were designed to uphold Metternich’s conservatism, drove liberalism and nationalism underground by requiring the German states to root out subversive ideas and squelch any liberal organizations
John Locke, “natural rights” (19th)
governments should protect humans “natural rights,” which are best guaranteed by a written constitution, with careful definition of the powers of government (Declaration of Independence); characteristic of liberalism.
Jeremy Bentham, utilitarianism (19th)
utility of any proposed law or institution was based on “the greatest happiness of the greatest number,” proponent of Poor Laws
Reform Bill of 1832 (19th)
a milestone in British history, it increased the number of voters from six percent to twelve, now including the upper middle class rather than just the aristocracy. it gave greater representation to the new manufacturing districts and cities that rose up in the industrial revolution - the house of commons was now supreme over the house of lords