EXAM REVIEW: Unit 5: Conflict, Crisis, and Reaction in the Late 18th Century

Question 1

Identify each of the three estates of France during the French Revolution. (Late 18th)

Answer 1

First estate: the clergy (high ranking members of the church)
Second estate: nobility, privileged class
Third estate: everyone else (peasants, merchants) payed taxes

Question 2

King and queen of France at the time prior to the French Revolution (Late 18th)

Answer 2

Louis XVI (spends lavish amounts of money on himself) and Queen Marie Antoinette (seen as a wasteful spender)

Question 3

Estates General (Late 18th)

Answer 3

Louis has no choice but to call for a meeting of the three estates (regarding taxes)
Doesn’t do anything, because first and second estate overrule third estate

Question 4

Tennis Court Oath (Late 18th)

Answer 4

(French rev) Louis XVI responded to the Third Estate by locking them out of the National Assembly, the third estate locates to a nearby tennis court, vowed to create their own constitution until the king met their demands

Question 5

What were these? (Late 18th)
National assembly
legislative assembly
convention
directory

Answer 5

The four phases of the French Revolution

Question 6

What prompted the storming of the Bastille? (Late 18th)

Answer 6

The Third Estate (France) discovered Louis was going to use force upon them; they wanted equal representation and taxation to the second and first estate

Question 7

The “age of Montesquieu,” or the constitutional monarchy in France, ranged between which dates? What occurred during this time? (Late 18th)

Answer 7

1789-1792
Tennis Court Oath
* Storming of the Bastille
* Great Fear and abolition of
feudalism
* Civil Constitution of the
Clergy
* Declaration of the Rights of
Man
Jacobins vs. Girondins
* War of the First Coalition
* Paris Commune
* September Massacres

Question 8

The “age of Roussau,” or the republic in France, ranged between which dates? What occurred during this time? (Late 18th)

Answer 8

1792-1799
Creation of the Republic
* Execution of Louis XVI
* Committee of Public Safety
* Reign of Terror
* Thermidorian Reaction
Ruling bourgeoisie vs.
aristocracy and sans-culottes
* Coup d’etat Brumaire

Question 9

The “age of Voltaire,” or the Napoleonic Era in France, ranged between which dates? What occurred during this time? (Late 18th)

Answer 9

1799-1815
Confederation of the
Rhine
* Continental System
* Treaty of Tilsit
* Peninsular War
* Russian Campaign
* Waterloo

Question 10

What was the women’s march on Versialles? (Late 18th)

Answer 10

French common women marched on the Versailles Palace during the French Revolution, forced the royal family to relocate to Paris as prisoners

Question 11

What were the changes under the National Assembly? (Late 18th)

Answer 11

abolition of special privileges
equality before the law (for men)
Declaration of the Rights of Man
“liberty, equality, fraternity”

Question 12

What did Olympe de Gouges do? (Late 18th)

Answer 12

Wrote Declaration of the Rights of Women during the French Revolutionary era

Question 13

Civil Constitution of the Clergy (Late 18th)

Answer 13

created national church with 83 bishops and diocese; biggest blunder of the National Assembly (reduced number of bishops, required church officials be elected by the people)

Question 14

What were the political parties which emerged during the Legislative assembly period of the French Revolution and what did they believe? (Late 18th)

Answer 14

Jacobins: more radical and believed in a centralized and democratic government
Girondists: adical Jacobins who were advanced party of the revolution and brought the
country to war

Question 15

Declaration of Pillnitz (Late 18th)

Answer 15

August, 1791: issued by Prussia and Austria
o Emperor Leopold declared he would restore gov’t of France if the other powers joined him;
it was really only a bluff
o French revolutionaries took Leopold at his word and prepared for war.

Question 16

September Massacres (Late 18th)

Answer 16

Rumors of foreign invaders led to massacre of
over 1000 prisoners and clergy (during French Rev)

Question 17

Robespierre (Late 18th)

Answer 17

Leads the French Revolution against the king, Committee of Public Safety, initiates the Reign of Terror, thousands of anti-revolutionaries are killed

Question 18

What was the “Thermadorian Reaction?” (Late 18th)

Answer 18

1794: Response to the Reign of Terror (French Rev), Robespierre would be executed, ends the influence of the sans-culottes, leads to the Directory

Question 19

The Directory (Late 18th)

Answer 19

Put in place after the fall of the National Assembly (French Rev), would lead to Napoleon being put in place to rule France because of its increasing weakness

Question 20

Explain the context in which Napoleon came into power in France (Late 18th)

Answer 20

France had just finished the French Revolution, the Dirctory government had weakened and collapsed

Question 21

Concordat of 1801 (Late 18th)

Answer 21

Napoleon ended the rift between the church and the state
Extended legal toleration to Catholics, Protestants, Jews, and atheists who all received
same civil rights

Question 22

War of the Second Coalition: 1798-1801 (late 18th)

Answer 22

Napoleonic war, was the second war targeting revolutionary France by many European monarchies, led by Britain, Austria, and Russia and including the Ottoman Empire, Portugal, Naples and various German monarchies

Question 23

What was Napoleon’s continental system? (Late 18th)

Answer 23

Blockade/embargo upon Britain that prohibited French ships from trading with Britain
Britain’s response: they require other countries to stop in their port and trade

Question 24

Peninsular war (Late 1800s)

Answer 24

Portugal did not want to follow the continental system (embargo) of France, Napoleon sends troops to Portugal and Spain, makes his brother Joseph king of spain
Spanish people revolted in 1808 (gorilla warfare) Napoleon pulls out of Spain

Question 25

What was the huge mistake Napoleon made when invading Russia? (late 18th)

Answer 25

Invaded Russia in the winter, looses most of his troops due to starvation, weather, and abandonment
Russians use the slash and burn tactic: they burn their own cities and food to starve the French out
Napoleon forced to retreat back home

Question 26

What happened after the invasion of Russia by Napoleon? (Late 18th)

Answer 26

Napoleon is excited to the island of Elba, French monarchy is restored with Louis XVI I, this is unpopular (Remember: the French had just had a whole revolution to get rid of the monarchy!)
Napoleon returns after a year of exile
The brief period of renewed glory: the Hundred Days

Question 27

Battle of Waterloo (Late 18th)

Answer 27

Marked the end of the Napoleonic wars, Napoleon is defeated

Question 28

Congress of Vienna (Late 18th)

Answer 28

met in 1814-1815 to re-establish the European order and essentially “undo” the French Revolution
participants: the big four (Alexander I, Metternich, etc)

Question 29

Carlsbad decrees (late 18th)

Answer 29

an attempt to suppress liberalism and nationalism in the various German princely states

Question 30

Results of the Congress of Vienna (late 18th)

Answer 30

Monarchy is reestablished in Europe, citizens rights are restricted