EXAM REVIEW: Unit 5: Conflict, Crisis, and Reaction in the Late 18th Century Flashcards
Identify each of the three estates of France during the French Revolution. (Late 18th)
First estate: the clergy (high ranking members of the church)
Second estate: nobility, privileged class
Third estate: everyone else (peasants, merchants) payed taxes
King and queen of France at the time prior to the French Revolution (Late 18th)
Louis XVI (spends lavish amounts of money on himself) and Queen Marie Antoinette (seen as a wasteful spender)
Estates General (Late 18th)
Louis has no choice but to call for a meeting of the three estates (regarding taxes)
Doesn’t do anything, because first and second estate overrule third estate
Tennis Court Oath (Late 18th)
(French rev) Louis XVI responded to the Third Estate by locking them out of the National Assembly, the third estate locates to a nearby tennis court, vowed to create their own constitution until the king met their demands
What were these? (Late 18th)
National assembly
legislative assembly
convention
directory
The four phases of the French Revolution
What prompted the storming of the Bastille? (Late 18th)
The Third Estate (France) discovered Louis was going to use force upon them; they wanted equal representation and taxation to the second and first estate
The “age of Montesquieu,” or the constitutional monarchy in France, ranged between which dates? What occurred during this time? (Late 18th)
1789-1792
Tennis Court Oath
* Storming of the Bastille
* Great Fear and abolition of
feudalism
* Civil Constitution of the
Clergy
* Declaration of the Rights of
Man
Jacobins vs. Girondins
* War of the First Coalition
* Paris Commune
* September Massacres
The “age of Roussau,” or the republic in France, ranged between which dates? What occurred during this time? (Late 18th)
1792-1799
Creation of the Republic
* Execution of Louis XVI
* Committee of Public Safety
* Reign of Terror
* Thermidorian Reaction
Ruling bourgeoisie vs.
aristocracy and sans-culottes
* Coup d’etat Brumaire
The “age of Voltaire,” or the Napoleonic Era in France, ranged between which dates? What occurred during this time? (Late 18th)
1799-1815
Confederation of the
Rhine
* Continental System
* Treaty of Tilsit
* Peninsular War
* Russian Campaign
* Waterloo
What was the women’s march on Versialles? (Late 18th)
French common women marched on the Versailles Palace during the French Revolution, forced the royal family to relocate to Paris as prisoners
What were the changes under the National Assembly? (Late 18th)
abolition of special privileges
equality before the law (for men)
Declaration of the Rights of Man
“liberty, equality, fraternity”
What did Olympe de Gouges do? (Late 18th)
Wrote Declaration of the Rights of Women during the French Revolutionary era
Civil Constitution of the Clergy (Late 18th)
created national church with 83 bishops and diocese; biggest blunder of the National Assembly (reduced number of bishops, required church officials be elected by the people)
What were the political parties which emerged during the Legislative assembly period of the French Revolution and what did they believe? (Late 18th)
Jacobins: more radical and believed in a centralized and democratic government
Girondists: adical Jacobins who were advanced party of the revolution and brought the
country to war
Declaration of Pillnitz (Late 18th)
August, 1791: issued by Prussia and Austria
o Emperor Leopold declared he would restore gov’t of France if the other powers joined him;
it was really only a bluff
o French revolutionaries took Leopold at his word and prepared for war.
September Massacres (Late 18th)
Rumors of foreign invaders led to massacre of
over 1000 prisoners and clergy (during French Rev)
Robespierre (Late 18th)
Leads the French Revolution against the king, Committee of Public Safety, initiates the Reign of Terror, thousands of anti-revolutionaries are killed
What was the “Thermadorian Reaction?” (Late 18th)
1794: Response to the Reign of Terror (French Rev), Robespierre would be executed, ends the influence of the sans-culottes, leads to the Directory
The Directory (Late 18th)
Put in place after the fall of the National Assembly (French Rev), would lead to Napoleon being put in place to rule France because of its increasing weakness
Explain the context in which Napoleon came into power in France (Late 18th)
France had just finished the French Revolution, the Dirctory government had weakened and collapsed
Concordat of 1801 (Late 18th)
Napoleon ended the rift between the church and the state
Extended legal toleration to Catholics, Protestants, Jews, and atheists who all received
same civil rights
War of the Second Coalition: 1798-1801 (late 18th)
Napoleonic war, was the second war targeting revolutionary France by many European monarchies, led by Britain, Austria, and Russia and including the Ottoman Empire, Portugal, Naples and various German monarchies
What was Napoleon’s continental system? (Late 18th)
Blockade/embargo upon Britain that prohibited French ships from trading with Britain
Britain’s response: they require other countries to stop in their port and trade
Peninsular war (Late 1800s)
Portugal did not want to follow the continental system (embargo) of France, Napoleon sends troops to Portugal and Spain, makes his brother Joseph king of spain
Spanish people revolted in 1808 (gorilla warfare) Napoleon pulls out of Spain
What was the huge mistake Napoleon made when invading Russia? (late 18th)
Invaded Russia in the winter, looses most of his troops due to starvation, weather, and abandonment
Russians use the slash and burn tactic: they burn their own cities and food to starve the French out
Napoleon forced to retreat back home
What happened after the invasion of Russia by Napoleon? (Late 18th)
Napoleon is excited to the island of Elba, French monarchy is restored with Louis XVI I, this is unpopular (Remember: the French had just had a whole revolution to get rid of the monarchy!)
Napoleon returns after a year of exile
The brief period of renewed glory: the Hundred Days
Battle of Waterloo (Late 18th)
Marked the end of the Napoleonic wars, Napoleon is defeated
Congress of Vienna (Late 18th)
met in 1814-1815 to re-establish the European order and essentially “undo” the French Revolution
participants: the big four (Alexander I, Metternich, etc)
Carlsbad decrees (late 18th)
an attempt to suppress liberalism and nationalism in the various German princely states
Results of the Congress of Vienna (late 18th)
Monarchy is reestablished in Europe, citizens rights are restricted
