EXAM REVIEW: Unit 4: Scientific, Philosophical, and Political Developments Flashcards

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1
Q

What was the approximate time period in which the scientific revolution took place? (Sci)

A

16th and 17th century (1500s to 1600s)

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2
Q

Ptolemy (Sci)

A

Believed the universe rotated around the earth

ptolemy-stupidity

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3
Q

Copernicus (Sci)

A

Found the earth revolves around the sun and tilts on an axis

copernicus-fixes-ptolemy

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4
Q

Johannes Kepler (Sci)

A

Used Brahe’s data to calculate the orbits of the planets, showed the planets move in oval shaped orbits

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5
Q

Tycho Brahe (Sci)

A

Provided evidence to support Copernicus’ heliocentric theory, collected much accurate data

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6
Q

Galileo Galilei (Sci)

A

assembled the first telescope, found mountains on the moon

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7
Q

Francis Bacon (Sci)

A

Believed in impurical data, which means we don’t know if something is true until it is proven (inductive reasoning)

THERE IS SCIENTIFIC EVIDENCE FOR BACON BEING GOOD

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8
Q

Andreas Vesalius (Sci)

A

wrote a detailed book on human anatomy

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9
Q

Deism (Enl)

A

belief in a god, but not a certain religion; god created the universe but does not influence or interact with life

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10
Q

Utilitarianism (Enl)

A

the greatest good for the greatest number

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11
Q

What did Jean Jacques Rousseu believe? (Enl)

A

the Renaissance/Enlightenment are corrupting, a simple life is more effective; wrote The Social Contract

Suprising based on how long his name is

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12
Q

Denis Diderot (Enl)

A

Believed all things must be examined and investigated, opposite of Rousseu (morals>feeling), wrote the encyclopedia

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13
Q

What were salons during the enlightenment? (Enl)

A

Meetings of philosophers where ideas were discussed, often lead by women

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14
Q

Thomas Hobbes (Enl)

A

Wrote the Leviathan, believed a stable, but authoritarian society is better than a rule-free society

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15
Q

John Locke (Enl)

A

“Two Treatesies of Government, natural rights: life, liberty, and property. Humans possess free will (upsets the nobility)

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16
Q

How did absolutism differ in western and eastern Europe? (Abs)

A

Western Europe: serfdom abolished, weak nobility, strong middle class
Eastern Europe: serfdom reestablished, powerful nobility, weak middle class

17
Q

How did serfdom look in Eastern Europe during the 16th and 17th century? (Sci)

A

In eastern Europe, nobles confiscated peasant lands, hereditary serfdom was reestablished in Poland, Russia, and Prussia

18
Q

Austrian prominent family who ruled the Holy Roman Empire and had influence during the 16th century (Sci)

A

Habsburgs

19
Q

What was the Pragmatic Sanction? (Sci)

A

Charles VI uses this to keep his family line going, he bequeaths his inheritance and rule of Austria to his oldest daughter, Maria Theresa

20
Q

Who would inherit Charles VI’s Empire after the Pragmatic Sanction? (Sci)

A

His oldest daughter, Maria Theresa

21
Q

Fredrick William the Great Elector (Abs)

A

Member of the Hohenzollern family, duke of Prussia during 1648 to 1688, elector of Brandenburg, granted religious toleration to Jews

22
Q

Who were the Junkers in Prussia? (Abs)

A

Landed nobility who held large estates

23
Q

True or false: Prussia was also basically the German empire (Abs)

A

true

24
Q

Absolutist elector of Prussia, part of the Hohenzollern family (Abs)

A

Fredrick William

25
Q

Ivan the Terrible (Ivan IV) (Abs)

A

First Russian monarch to be crowned tsar, (1547-1585), defeated the remnants of the mongol power

26
Q

Seven Years War (Abs)

A

Cause: Maria Theresa (Austria) wants Selesia back from Prussia
Goal: France, Austria, and Russia conquer Prussia and break it up
- Britain is allied with Prussia, opposing France, which was it’s rival overseas in the Americas (French and Indian war)
-Prussia will be saved by Britain, Britain comes out on top and gains power over the other European nations and France
-Treaty of Parris ends the seven years war

27
Q

Catherine the Great (Abs)

A

Ruler of Russia after her husband, Peter III is assassinated, creates hospitals, originally of Prussian(German) decent

28
Q

Pugachev rebellion (Abs)

A

Takes place in Russia during the rule of Catherine the Great, man leads a large serf rebellion claiming to be Peter III, damages Catherine’s reputation

29
Q

What did Catherine the Great do for Russia? (Abs)

A

Solidified the nobility’s place, worsened peasant’s place, improved the government, spread the enlightenment

30
Q

What was the Charter of the Nobility in Russia during the reign of Catherine the Great? (Abs)

A

Forced Catherine to give the nobility what they wanted

31
Q

Who was Suleiman the Magnificent, what did he rule, and what did he do? (Abs)

A

Ottoman Empire reached it’s height under him, he leads the siege of Vienna, but fails to capture it

32
Q

Janissaries

A

Christian slaves trained for military, used in Ottoman forces

33
Q

Enclosure movement

A

End to common lands and open-field system

34
Q

What were the reasons for the population explosion after 1750?

A

agricultural revolution, disappearance of the plague, improved sanitation

35
Q

What was the putting-out system?

A

city manufacturers took advantage of cheaper labor in the countryside

36
Q

James Hargreaves

A

Invented the spinning jenny