Exam Review Flashcards
Confrontation Visual Field Test:
During this test, the healthcare provider or technician sits at eye level in front of the patient. Each eye is tested separately as the other eye is covered.
The tester holds up, one, two, or three fingers in one of four parts of the visual field. The patient focuses on one of the tester’s eyes and tries to determine how many fingers are being held up.
Static Automated Perimetry:
During this test, the patient looks directly at a central point with a dome. A machine presents flashing lights of different sizes and brightness in different parts of the visual field. The machine gradually increases the size or brightness of the lights. The patient pushes a button when the lights become visible.
Kinetic Perimetry:
During this test, the patient looks at a central point. A light is presented in the peripheral vision and is moved toward the central point. The patient pushes a button when the light becomes visible.
Frequency Doubling Perimetry:
During this test, a compact machine presents flickering images in varying intensities. The patient presses a button when the images can be seen. This type of machine is also used to test for glaucoma.
Amsler Grid:
During this test, the patient focuses on the dot with one eye at a time. If parts of the grid appear distorted, blurry, dark, or blank, it can indicate a visual filed deficit. The Amsler grid is often used to test for macular degeneration.
Intragroup
-group formation
-group membership and identity
-group cohesion
-group performance
Intergroup
-intergroup conflict
-subordinate identities
-interdependence
Seasonal Affective Disorder
a form of depression most often associated with fewer hours of daylight in the far northern and southern latitudes from late fall to early spring
Cyclothymic Disorder
a disorder that causes emotional ups and downs that are less extreme than bipolar disorder
Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder
mood changes and irritability that occur during the premenstrual phase of a women’s cycle and go away with the onset of menses
Disruptive Mood Dysregualtion Disorder
a disorder of chronic, severe and persistent irritability in children that often includes frequent temper outbursts that are inconsistent with the child’s developmental age
Persistent Depressive Disorder
a long-term chronic form of depression
Depression Related to Medical Illness
a persistent depressed mood and a significant loss of pleasure in most or all activities that’s directly related to the physical effects of another medical condition
Depression Induced by Substance Use or Medicine
depression symptoms that develop during or soon after substance use or withdrawal or after exposure to a medication
Schedules:
there are different sets of rules that dictate this frequency, and whichever set of rules is chosen is called the schedule of reinforcement
Experimental Method:
manipulating one variable to determine if this causes changes in another variable
Independent Variable:
a variable whose variation does not depend on that of another
Dependent Variable:
a variable whose value depends on that of another
Control Group:
the group in an experiment or study that does not receive treatment by the researchers and is then used as a benchmark to measure how the other tested subjects do
Experimental Group:
an experiment that receives the variable being tested
Trial and Error
Trying a number of different solutions and ruling out those that do not work.
Algorithms
a methodical, step-by-step procedure for trying all possible alternatives in searching for a solution to a problem
Heuristics
a guiding principle or “rule of thumb” used in solving problems or making decisions.
Ex: forming subgoals, working backward
Assumptions
when dealing with a problem, people often make assumptions about the constraints and obstacles that prevent certain solutions
Functional Fixedness
seeing a screwdriver as only a screwdriver, which in reality you could use it to get into small crevices
Irrelevant or Misleading Information
to distinguish information that is relevant to the issue and irrelevant data that can lead to faulty solutions
Mental Set
to only use solutions that have worked in the past rather than looking for alternative ideas
What is a neuron?
they receive and transmit signals/information to different parts of the body
Parts of the Neuron: Dendrites
send information and receives information
Parts of the Neuron: Terminals
receives information
Parts of the Neuron: Neurotransmitters
chemical “messengers”
Parts of the Neuron: Synapses
a gap between the neurons, stimulated by electrical activity
when neurons send impulses, ITS ALL OR NOTHING
Stereotypes
defined as false classificatory concept to which as a rule a strong emotional feeling tone of likes or dislikes
Stereotypes form because…
social learning and social perception, group norms and reference groups
Deinstitutionalization: Supporting Housing
provides people with mental illness with a place to live as well as access to support services i.e. counseling, etc
Deinstitutionalization: Assertive Community Treatment
involves a team of mental health professionals who provide comprehensive services to people with mental illness
Deinstitutionalization: Integrated Dual Diagnosis Treatment
designed for people who have both a mental illness and substance abuse problem
Deinstitutionalization: Peer Support
involves people with mental illness helping each other to recover and live fulfilling lives
What are Somatoform Disorders?
any mental disorder that manifests a physical symptom that suggest illness or injury, but cannot be explained fully by a general medical condition, effects of substances, or another mental disorder
Somatization Disorder?
Somatization disorder occurs when a person continually complains of physical symptoms when there is no physical condition present to cause the symptom
Conversion Disorder?
occurs when physical symptoms mimic symptoms of neurological disorder even when there is no neurological disorder present.
Pain Disorder?
somatoform pain disorder is characterized by recurring pain in one or more parts of the body with no known cause
Hypochondriasis?
a condition in which a person is excessively and unduly worried about having a serious illness
Eating Disorder?
severe disturbances in eating behavior characterized by preoccupation with weight and unhealthy efforts to control weight
Cognitive Theory..
is an approach to psych that attempts to explain human behavior by understanding your thought process
Operant Conditioning?
a method of learning that employs rewards and punishments for behavior
Positive Reinforcers
a favorable event that is presented after the behavior
Negative Reinforcers
the removal of unfavorable events after the display of a behavior
Positive Punishment
presents an unfavorable event in order to weaken the response it follows
ex: spanking for misbehavior
Negative Punishment
when a favorable event is removed after a behavior occurs
ex: taking away a child’s video game
Neutral Stimulus
barking dog
Unconditioned Stimulus
dog bite
Unconditioned Response
whimper (pain)
Conditioned Stimulus
barking dog
Conditioned Response
whimpers (fear of dogs)
CNS/Alcohol
alcohol interacts with the brain receptors, interfering with the communication between nerve cells, and suppressing excitatory nerve pathway activity
Types of Therapy: Client-Centered
insight therapy that emphasizes providing a supportive emotional climate for clients
Carl Rogers: Humanism
Types of Therapy: Group Therapy
the simultaneous psychological treatment of several clients in a group
Types of Therapy: Couples and Family
the treatment of both partners in a committed relationship, in which the main focus is on the relationship issues
Types of Therapy: Aversion
behavior therapy in which an aversive stimulus is paired with a stimulus that elicits an undesirable response
Types of Therapy: Systematic Desensitization and Exposure
a behavior therapy used to reduce phobic client’s anxiety responses through counterconditioning
Types of Therapy: Operant Conditioning
behavior therapy designed to improve interpersonal skills that emphasizes modeling, behavioral rehearsal, and shaping
Types of Therapy: Modeling
the therapist demonstrates the desired behavior to help clients learn the behavior themselves
Types of Therapy: Biomedical
physiological interventions intended to reduce symptoms associated with psychological disorders
Types of Therapy: Psychodynamic
work with a therapist to explore the connection between your unconscious mind and your actions
Types of Therapy: Cognitive Behavioral
a short-term approach to mental health treatment, addresses unhelpful patterns and thoughts
Types of Therapy: Humanistic
looks at how your worldview affects the choices you make
Types of Therapy: Person-Centered
from the belief that emotional distress can result when others criticize you or show disapproval for your choices or actions
Types of Therapy: Gestalt
look at unresolved issues, family conflicts, and how they affect your emotional well being
PTSD
intense disturbing feelings and thoughts related to their experience after a traumatic event
7-8% of the population have PTSD
Learned Helplessness
-when an individual continuously faces a negative situation and stops trying to change their circumstances, even when they have the ability to do so
-like nothing seems to help
Continuous
without stopping (best for learning something new)
Intermittent
irregular intervals; not steady
Social Learning Theory
-learn through watching others
-observational learning
Social Cognitive Theory
4 steps to learning: Attention, Retention, Reproduction, Motivation
GAD
worry about everyday life events
Agoraphobia
fear of going out to public places
Chrono Order of Psychological Perspectives:
Structuralism, Functionalism, Gestalt, Psychoanalysis, Behaviorism, Humanism, Cognitivism
Structuralism:
relies on subjective introspection, focuses on sensation, feelings
Functionalism:
focuses on attention on the utility and purpose of behavior that had been modified over years of human existence
*stream of consciousness - its continuous
Gestalt:
human mind and behavior as a WHOLE
Psychoanalysis:
the belief that all people possess thoughts, feeling, desires
Behaviorism:
our interactions with our environments that shape what we learn, who we are, how we act
Nature v Nurture:
biology v enviroment
Humanism:
focuses on each individual potential and stresses for the importance of growth
Cognitivism:
focuses on mental health
Misinformation effect/ Loftus research
that memories are not always accurate and the brain is highly vulnerable to suggestions
-your brain can make up memories to fill gaps
-repressed memories are memories that are pushed away
