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psych > Chapter 4 & 5 Test > Flashcards

Chapter 4 & 5 Test Flashcards

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1
Q

Transduction

A

sensory organs absorb stimuli from the environment

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2
Q

“Bottom Up” Processing

A

interpreting sensory information in real-time
(data driven, focuses on incoming sensory data, takes place real time)

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3
Q

Sensation

A

sensory receptors respond to light, sound, odor, taste and texture and transmit that information back to the brain

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4
Q

“Top Down” Processing

A

processing information through cognition

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5
Q

Perception

A

process where brain activity selects, organizes, and assigns meaning to incoming neural messages sent from sensory receptors

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6
Q

Threshold

A

the minimum strength of a stimuli that is needed to invoke a response

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7
Q

Absolute Threshold

A

the lowest amount of the stimuli required to detect it 50% of the time

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8
Q

Difference Threshold

A

the minimum amount of change to a stimulus that is required before a person will sense a change
a.k.a. -> just noticeable difference (JND)

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9
Q

Weber’s Law

A

the larger or stronger a stimulus the more change is required to notice a difference

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10
Q

Signal Detection Theory

A

the detection of a stimulus depends on both the intensity of the stimulus and the physical and psychological state of the individual
(stimulus intensity, background noise, physical condition, bias, level of motivation)

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11
Q

Stimulus Adaptation

A

the gradual decline in sensitivity to prolonged exposure to a stimulus

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12
Q

Attention

A

concentration of awareness on one or more stimulus to the exclusion of another stimuli

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13
Q

Selective Attention

A

the process of directing our awareness to relevant stimuli while ignoring irrelevant stimuli in the environment

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14
Q

Inattentional Blindness

A

failure to notice a fully visible, but unexpected, object, because attention was engaged on another task

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15
Q

Auditory System

A

the auditory system transduces sound waves into neural messages, which is what we hear

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16
Q

Pinna

A

flap of skin & cartilage attached to head

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17
Q

Auditory Canal

A

where sound waves travel and bounce into ear drum

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18
Q

Eardrum (tympanic membrane)

A

tightly stretched membrane at end of canal, vibrates when hit by sound waves

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19
Q

Hammar, Anvil, Stirrup

A

three tiny bones in middle ear

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20
Q

Oval Window

A

small membrane separating middle ear from inner ear; relays vibration to the cochlea

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21
Q

Cochlea

A

spiral-shaped, fluid-filled structure that contains basilar membrane and hair cells

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22
Q

Basilar Membrane

A

holds hair cell receptors for hearing

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23
Q

Hair Cells

A

sensory receptors embedded in basilar membrane

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24
Q

Role of Brain

A

auditory nerve carries neural messages to the thalamus, then the auditory cortex in the temporal

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25
Q

Vestibular Sense

A

sense of balance and equilibrium

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26
Q

Inner Ear

A

contains receptors important for maintaining balance

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27
Q

Semicircular Canals

A

fluid-filled and lined with hair-like structures that shift response to motion
-provide brain with information about posture and head position

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28
Q

Pitch

A

how high a sound is a how low a sound is
(as you get older the high pitch becomes less acute)

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29
Q

Light

A

a form of electromagnetic radiation that travels as a wave

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30
Q

Amplitude

A

brightness

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31
Q

Wavelength

A

hue or color

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32
Q

Purity

A

saturation

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33
Q

Light enters through the….

A

cornea

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34
Q

Order for the Eyes

A

cornea -> pupil -> iris -> lens -> retina

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35
Q

Nearsightedness

A

close objects are seen clearly, and far objects are blurry

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36
Q

Farsightedness

A

far objects are seen clearly, and close objects are blurry

37
Q

Optic Nerve

A

made up of axons (nerve fibers) of the retinal ganglion cells from the retina

38
Q

Retina contains…

A

visual receptors - rods and cones

39
Q

Rods

A

visual receptors for night vision and peripheral vision

40
Q

Cones

A

visual receptors for daylight and color vision

41
Q

Fovea

A

tiny spot in the center of the retina that contains only cones - visual activity is greatest at this spot

42
Q

Thalamus

A

the sensory information from all over the body are sent to the areas of the cortex

43
Q

Taste and Smell

A

they respond to chemical molecules rather than forms of energy (difficult to separate)

44
Q

Olfaction (smell)

A

mucous membrane: at top of each nostril contains receptor cells that absorb airborne chemical molecules

45
Q

Gustation (taste)

A

tongue: covered with papillae (bumps) which are covered with taste buds

46
Q

4 Major Tastes

A

-sweet
-sour
-salty
-bitter

47
Q

Skin Senses

A

skin: largest and heaviest organ, protects internal orans, touch, temperature, pain

48
Q

Body Senses

A

provides information about position and orientation of our bodies in space (vestibular sense)

49
Q

Somatosensory Cortex

A

skin sense: touch/pressure receptors - are NOT evenly distributed

50
Q

Gate Control Theory

A

the spinal cord contains a neurological “gate” that either blocks pain signals or allows them to continue on to the brain

51
Q

Circadian Rhythms

A

the 24 hour biological cycles found in humans and other spaces
SLEEP TIME IS AFFECTED BY CIRCADIAN RHYTMN

52
Q

Jet Lag

A

when you travel and cover multiple time zones, biological clock doesn’t automatically change

53
Q

EMG

A

muscular activity and tension

54
Q

EOG

A

eye movement

55
Q

REM

A

rapid eye movement
-a deep stage of sleep - hard to wake them

56
Q

Non-REM (NREM)

A

no rapid eye movement

57
Q

Sleep Deprivation

A

allows to experimentally manipulate sleep stages right up to almost complete REM

58
Q

REM-Deprivation

A

lack of sleep

59
Q

Slow-wake Deprivation

A

experience rebound

60
Q

Insomnia

A

chronic problems in getting adequate sleep

61
Q

Sleep Apnea

A

reflexive gasping for air that awakens a person and disrupts

62
Q

Nightmares

A

from REM sleep

63
Q

Night Terrors

A

usually from NREM sleep

64
Q

Somnambulism

A

sleep walking

65
Q

REM sleep behavior disorder

A

RBD

66
Q

Dreams occur mostly in….

A

REM sleep

67
Q

Dreaming is a…

A

“psychotic state”

68
Q

Lucid Dreaming

A

when a person stays in REM in a semi-conscious state and is able to take some control their dreams

69
Q

Freud - Psychoanalytic Theory

A

thought dreams were the “royal road to the unconscious” - meaning that they revealed secrets of the unconscious part of the mind unknown to the conscious mind

70
Q

Manifest Content

A

the remembered story line of the dream

71
Q

Latent Content

A

underlying meaning

72
Q

Activation - Synthesis Theory

A

Mccarley and Hobson
during dreaming, the pons generates bursts of action potentials to the forebrain (the activation part) - side effects of beta wave creation

73
Q

Information - Processing Theory

A

Cartwright
-allows person to work through everyday problems and emotional issues
-allows for creative thinking because dreams are not restrained by logic or realism
-stored memories, recent concerns, current emotions, etc.

74
Q

Psychoactive Drugs

A

chemical substances that modify mental, emotional, or behavioral functioning

75
Q

Mechanisms of Drug Action

A

psychoactive drugs work mainly by altering neurotransmitter activity in the brain
Ex: cocaine blocks reuptake at DA, NE, and serotonin synapses

76
Q

Physical Dependency

A

a person must continue to take a drug to avoid withdrawal illness

77
Q

Psychological Dependency

A

a person must continue to take a drug to satisfy intense mental and emotional craving for the drug

78
Q

Narcotics: (morphine, heroin)

A

or opiates, are drugs derived from opium that are capable of relieving pain

79
Q

Sedatives (depressants)

A

sleep-inducing drugs that tend to decrease central nervous system activation and behavioral activity
Ex: barbiturates, alcohol, anti-anxieties (valium)

80
Q

Stimulants (cocaine, amphetamines)

A

drugs that tend to increase CNS activation and behavioral activity
Ex: cocaine, amphetamines, caffeine, nicotine

81
Q

Hallucinogens (LSD, mescaline, PCP, ecstasy, mushrooms)

A

a diverse group of drugs that have powerful effects on mental and emotional functioning, marked most notably by distortions in sensory and perceptual experience

82
Q

Alcohol (depressant, sedative)

A

encompasses a variety of beverages containing ethyl alcohol

83
Q

Cannabis (also a hallucinogen)

A

is the hemp plant from which marijuana, hashish, and THC are derived

84
Q

MDMA (ecstasy)

A

a compound drug related to both amphetamines and hallucinogens, especially mescaline

85
Q

Tolerance

A

describes a persons reduced reaction to a drug following its repeated use

86
Q

Trichromatic Theory

A

color vision

87
Q

Opponent Process Theory

A

accounts for a wide range of behaviors
(when one emotion is expressed the other is suppressed)

88
Q

Afterimage

A

a visual image that persists after a stimulus is removed

psych (11 decks)

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