Chapter 10 Quiz Flashcards
Theories of Motivation?
- Instincts
- Drive (physical)
- Incentive (psychological)
- Arousal
Instincts
an innate, typically fixed pattern of behavior in animals in response to certain stimuli (Biologically Programmed Behavior)
Motives
the needs, wants, interests, and desires that propel people in certain directions (Goal-Directed Behavior)
Range & Diversity of Human Motives
Biological: Social:
-hunger motive -achievement motive
-sleep and rest motive (need to excel
-thirst motive -affiliation motive
(need for social bonds)
Drive vs. Incentive
-Drive theories emphasize how internal states of tension push people in certain directions. (generally physiological)
-Incentive theories emphasize how external stimuli pull people in certain directions. (generally psychological)
Drive Theory
Internal state of tension that motivates an organism to engage in activities that should reduce this tension.
physiological = push
Theories:
-Does not explain all motivation
Homeostasis
a state of physiological equilibrium or stability (back to normal)
Incentives
something that motivates or encourages someone to do something
Incentive Theory
An external goal that has the capacity to motivate behavior.
Ex: money, grades, promotion, college of choice acceptance
psychological =pull
Intrinsic
internally rewarding; you do something because you get personal satisfaction out of it
Extrinsic
externally rewarding; you do something to get rewarded or avoid punishment
2 Types of Motivators for Incentive Theory?
Intrinsic and Extrinsic
Overjustification Effect
a phenomenon in which being rewarded for doing something actually diminishes intrinsic motivation to perform that action
Achievement Motive
the need to master difficult challenges, to outperform others, and to meet high standards of excellence
Achievement
a subjects need for achievement can be tested on the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
Determinants of Achievement Behavior
-the strength of one’s motivation to achieve success
-ones estimate of the probability of success for the task
-the incentive value of success
Yerkes-Dodson Law
-suggests that there is a relationship between performance and arousal
-arousal means to excise or stir to action
Yerkes-Dodson Law (def.)
moderate arousal leads to optimal performance
Hunger and Eating
hypothalamus controls hunger incentive value of food
Incentive Value:
-palatability (like the taste)
-quantity available
-variety
-presence of others
Obesity
set of point theory proposes that weight tends to drift around the level where the bodies food consumption and energy expenditure achieve an equilibrium
Evolutionary Analysis of Sexual Behavior
parental investment refers to what each sex has to invest-in terms of time, energy, survival risk, and forgone opportunities -to produce and nurture off-spring
Sexual Orientation
Alfred Kinsey found sexual orientation to be on a seven point-point spectrum from “exclusively heterosexual” to “excludible homosexual
Emotions Involve:
- s subjective conscious experience (the cognitive component)
- Bodily arousal (the physiological components)
- characteristics overt expressions (the behavior components)
*Emotions are highly Persian, subjective experiences
Physiological Component
autonomic nervous system - fight or flight responses
Galvanic Skin Responses (GSR)
an increase in the electrical conductivity of the skin that occurs when sweat glands increase their activity
Polygraph (lie dectore)
an increase in the electrical conditioning of the skin that occurs when sweat glands increase their activity
Emotions is immediate and specific
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Theories of Emotion:
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Common Sense View
stimulus > emotion > arousal
James - Lange Theory
stimulus > arousal > emotion
Cannon-Bard Theory
stimulus > emotion and arousal
Schachter > arousal > cognition
stimulus > arousal > cognition
Schuh-Singer Two-factors Theory
stimulus > arousal > cognition > emotion
6 Basic Emotions:
Fear, Anger, Joy, Sadness, Disgust, and Surprise
Facial Feedback Hypothesis
*states that facial expressions can influence emotional experience
Ex: an individual who is forced to smile during a social event will actually come to find the event unlikely enjoyable
Evolutionary Theories of Emotions
-Darwin felt that emotional developed due to their adaptive value
-Evolutionary theories consider emotions to be largely innate reactions to certain stimuli
-Emotions developed before though
~Thought plays little role on emotions
-Natural Selection has equipped humans with a small number of innate emotions with proven adaptive value
