Chapter 8 Quiz Flashcards
Genie Wiley
-size of a 6 yr old, she was 13
-couldn’t walk or sleep
-wore diapers
-nights locked in bed
-days strapped to potty chair
-no one spoke to her
-isolated
*nurture played a role
**thought determines language
Linguistic Relativity
*Benjamin Whorf
hypothesis that ones language determines nature of ones thoughts
Cognition
problem solving and decision making
Problem Solving
active efforts to discover what much be done to achieve a goal that’s not readily attainable
Techniques for Problem Solving
trial and error, algorithms, heuristics, insight, intuition
Trial and Error
try different solutions until we find one that works
Algorithms
methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees soling a problem because it explores every possibility
Heuristics
a guiding principle or “rule of thumb” (readily available solution) can be a strategy (setting sub-goals/goals along the way, working backwards, taking a break -> incubation
Insight
sudden and novel realization of the solution to a problem, such as suddenly seeing a cause and effect relationship
Intuition
effortless, immediate, automatic feeling or thought that allows us to interpret a situation or problem and quickly reach conclusions
Mindset
mental approach to problems and issues
Language
consists of symbols that convey meaning, plus rules for combining those symbols, can be used generate a variety of messages
Brochas
“how we say it”
Wernickes
“what we say”
Linguistic
study of language
Phonemes
the smallest unit of language that can be distinguished perceptually (letter sounds)
Morphemes
the smallest units of meaning in a language
Syntax
is a system of rules that specify how words can be arranged into sentences
Fast Mapping
refers to the ability of children to acquire new words and concepts with minimal exposure to them
Overextension
occurs when a categorial term is used in language to represent more categories than it actually does
Under extension
occurs when categorial term is used in language improperly by only using if for one object instead of all objects that belong in that category
Telegraphic Speech
a form of communication consisting of simple two-word long sentences often composed of a noun and a verb that adhere to the grammatical standards of the cultures language
Overregularization
refers to grammatical errors that usually start in the early stages of a childs language
ex: goed instead of went, or tooths instead of teeth
Metalinguistic Awareness
the ability to objectify language as a process as well as an artifact
Behaviorist
BF Skinner; language acquired through reinforcement from parents
Nativist
Noam Chomsky; language acquisition device (LAD) - an innate mechanism or process that facilitates the learning of language
Interactionist
biology and experience mix together to create language
Functional Fixedness
a tendency to think of things only in terms of their usual functions, as if they could not have other functions
Confirmation Bias
the tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence
Fixation
the inability to see or define a problem from a fresh point of view
Mental Set
a tendency to approach a problem in one particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past
Decision Making
involves evaluating alternatives and making choices among them
Issues with - Decision Making
-emotional
-prefer not to struggle with uncertainty
-emotional for the people around you
Theory of Bounded Rationality
asserts that people tend to use simple strategies indecision making that focus on only a few facets(parts) of available options and often results in “irrational” decisions that are less than optimal
Subjective Utility
what the outcome is personally worth to an individual
Heuristics in judging probabilities
ex: if you travel to the middle east (southwest asia), which would you be more concerned with, a terrorist attack or a traffic accident?
Availability Heuristic
involves basing the estimated probability of an event on the ease with which irrelevant instances come to mind
Representativeness Heuristic
involves basing the estimated probability of an event on how similar it is to the typical prototype of that event
Tendency to ignore the base rate
is when we focus on the specific information while ignoring the general information
The conjunction fallacy
occurs when it is assumed that specific conditions are more probable than a single general one
