Chapter 8 Quiz

Question 1

Genie Wiley

Answer 1

-size of a 6 yr old, she was 13
-couldn’t walk or sleep
-wore diapers
-nights locked in bed
-days strapped to potty chair
-no one spoke to her
-isolated
*nurture played a role
**thought determines language

Question 2

Linguistic Relativity
*Benjamin Whorf

Answer 2

hypothesis that ones language determines nature of ones thoughts

Question 3

Cognition

Answer 3

problem solving and decision making

Question 4

Problem Solving

Answer 4

active efforts to discover what much be done to achieve a goal that’s not readily attainable

Question 5

Techniques for Problem Solving

Answer 5

trial and error, algorithms, heuristics, insight, intuition

Question 6

Trial and Error

Answer 6

try different solutions until we find one that works

Question 7

Algorithms

Answer 7

methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees soling a problem because it explores every possibility

Question 8

Heuristics

Answer 8

a guiding principle or “rule of thumb” (readily available solution) can be a strategy (setting sub-goals/goals along the way, working backwards, taking a break -> incubation

Question 9

Insight

Answer 9

sudden and novel realization of the solution to a problem, such as suddenly seeing a cause and effect relationship

Question 10

Intuition

Answer 10

effortless, immediate, automatic feeling or thought that allows us to interpret a situation or problem and quickly reach conclusions

Question 11

Mindset

Answer 11

mental approach to problems and issues

Question 12

Language

Answer 12

consists of symbols that convey meaning, plus rules for combining those symbols, can be used generate a variety of messages

Question 13

Brochas

Answer 13

“how we say it”

Question 14

Wernickes

Answer 14

“what we say”

Question 15

Linguistic

Answer 15

study of language

Question 16

Phonemes

Answer 16

the smallest unit of language that can be distinguished perceptually (letter sounds)

Question 17

Morphemes

Answer 17

the smallest units of meaning in a language

Question 18

Syntax

Answer 18

is a system of rules that specify how words can be arranged into sentences

Question 19

Fast Mapping

Answer 19

refers to the ability of children to acquire new words and concepts with minimal exposure to them

Question 20

Overextension

Answer 20

occurs when a categorial term is used in language to represent more categories than it actually does

Question 21

Under extension

Answer 21

occurs when categorial term is used in language improperly by only using if for one object instead of all objects that belong in that category

Question 22

Telegraphic Speech

Answer 22

a form of communication consisting of simple two-word long sentences often composed of a noun and a verb that adhere to the grammatical standards of the cultures language

Question 23

Overregularization

Answer 23

refers to grammatical errors that usually start in the early stages of a childs language
ex: goed instead of went, or tooths instead of teeth

Question 24

Metalinguistic Awareness

Answer 24

the ability to objectify language as a process as well as an artifact

Question 25

Behaviorist

Answer 25

BF Skinner; language acquired through reinforcement from parents

Question 26

Nativist

Answer 26

Noam Chomsky; language acquisition device (LAD) - an innate mechanism or process that facilitates the learning of language

Question 27

Interactionist

Answer 27

biology and experience mix together to create language

Question 28

Functional Fixedness

Answer 28

a tendency to think of things only in terms of their usual functions, as if they could not have other functions

Question 29

Confirmation Bias

Answer 29

the tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence

Question 30

Fixation

Answer 30

the inability to see or define a problem from a fresh point of view

Question 31

Mental Set

Answer 31

a tendency to approach a problem in one particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past

Question 32

Decision Making

Answer 32

involves evaluating alternatives and making choices among them

Question 33

Issues with - Decision Making

Answer 33

-emotional
-prefer not to struggle with uncertainty
-emotional for the people around you

Question 34

Theory of Bounded Rationality

Answer 34

asserts that people tend to use simple strategies indecision making that focus on only a few facets(parts) of available options and often results in “irrational” decisions that are less than optimal

Question 35

Subjective Utility

Answer 35

what the outcome is personally worth to an individual

Question 36

Heuristics in judging probabilities

Answer 36

ex: if you travel to the middle east (southwest asia), which would you be more concerned with, a terrorist attack or a traffic accident?

Question 37

Availability Heuristic

Answer 37

involves basing the estimated probability of an event on the ease with which irrelevant instances come to mind

Question 38

Representativeness Heuristic

Answer 38

involves basing the estimated probability of an event on how similar it is to the typical prototype of that event

Question 39

Tendency to ignore the base rate

Answer 39

is when we focus on the specific information while ignoring the general information

Question 40

The conjunction fallacy

Answer 40

occurs when it is assumed that specific conditions are more probable than a single general one