Chapter 13 Quiz Flashcards
Halo Effect
when a positive impression of one trait of a person, company, brand, etc. tends to affect the impressions of other, often non-related traits
Bystander Effect
a social psychological claim that individuals are less likely to offer help to a victim when other people are present
the greater the number of bystanders, the less likely it is that one of them will help
Confirmation Bias
the tendency to search for, interpret, favor, and recall information in a way that affirms once prior beliefs or hypothesis
Self-Serving Bias
people’s tendency to attribute positive events to their own character but attribute negative events to external factors
Fundamental Attribution Error
the tendency people have to overemphasize personal characteristics and ignore situational factors in judging others behaviors
Social Loafing
the concept that people are prone to exert less effort on a task if they are in a group versus when they work alone
Social Facilitation
AKA, the audience effect, is the tendency for people to perform differently when in the presence of others than when alone
Groupthink
occurs when a group of well-intentioned people make irrational or non-optimal decisions spurred by the urge to conform or the discouragement of dissent
(“go with the flow”)
Group Polarization
the tendency for group to make decisions that are more extreme than the initial inclination of its members
Foot-in-the-Door Technique
a persuasion tactic in which you get a person to comply with the large request by first asking them to comply with the smaller request
(you ask your mom for $5, she gives it to you, so then you ask for $10 additional dollars)
Ex: This is when you are completing it.
Lowball Technique
a persuasion and selling technique in which an item or service is offered at a lower price than it is actually intended to be charged, after which the prices raised
(this is when you buy a car because it is $10,000, you are committing to buying it but haven’t bought it yet, but when you go to purchase it the car salesmen says the $10,000 is a bit low, but playing $1,000 more the car is all yours)
Ex: This is when you are committing to it.
In-Group
a social group to which a person identifies as being a member
Out-Group
a social group with which an individual does not identify
Stereotypes
a widely held but fixed and oversimplified image or idea of a particular type of person or thing
Prejudice
an unfair feeling of dislike for a person or group because of race, sex, religion, etc.
Soloman Asch - Conformity:
the act of matching attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors to group norms or politics
Asch showed that people are likely to conform to the norms of the groups
Stanley Milgram - Obedience:
when a person complies to the instructions or orders of an authority figure
deceived participants into believing they were researching punishment and learning
- Researcher stood near teacher throughout with a clipboard and lab coat (signs of authority)
Philip Zimbardo - Stanford Prison Experiment:
experiment designed to study why the evolution of “norms” and the effects of labels in a prison
- 24 college-aged men selected then randomly assignment (coin flip) as either a prisoner or guard
- experiment took place in the basement of the psychology building at Stanford - it was turned into a simulated prison
only supposed to last two weeks - it ended after only six days
Results from Stanford Prison Experiment:
- after just six days the guards became abusive, and the inmates began to show signs of extreme anxiety and distress
- the simulation demonstrated the powerful role that a situation can play on human behavior
~ guards became aggressive
~ inmates became depressed - even the researchers fell into the roles of wardens and “forgot” the experiment
Conformity
compliance with standards, rules, or laws
Internal Attributions
when people assume that personal factors are their cause of an individual’s behavior or the cause of an event
External Attributions
when people blame situational forces as the cause of an individual’s behavior or cause of an event
What are attributions and why do we make them?
- Attribution is how people perceive the causes of everyday experiences whether it’s internal or external.
- We make attributions so that we can better understand, our experiences attribution strongly influences the way we interact with others.
Actor-Observer Bias
we tend to make external attributions for OUR behavior
(“He was late because he was lazy, BUT I was late because there was traffic.”)
Defensive Attributions
when an observer attributes the causes for a mishap to minimize their fear of being a victim or cause in a similar situation
Stanford Prison Experiment is…
morality & identity
