Chapter 6 Quiz Flashcards
learning
any durable change in behavior
Ivan Pavlov
-“stumbled” across classical conditioning around 1900
-studying “psychic reflexes”
-saliva experiments on dogs
-dogs start responding prior to the meat powder (sounds of preparation)
-realized a neutral stimulus was creation a response
Neutral Stimulus
NS
No Response
NR
Unconditioned Stimulus
UCS
ex: the dog food
Unconditioned Response
UCR
ex: dog salivating
process
repeatedly pair the US with the NS
ex: NS -> the bell
US -> food
UCR -> dog salivating
following repeated pairings…
the NS will begin to elicit the response without the US
conditioned stimulus (CS)…
can only create a conditioned response (CR)
Before Conditioning:
NS -> no response
(the bell)
During Conditioning:
US -> NS
(meat powder) (the bell)
After Conditioning:
US -> UR
(meat powder) (salivating)
l
V
CS
(the bell) -> CR (salivating)
process of condition = acquisition
the initial stage of learning something
process of condition = extinction
the gradual weakening and disappearance of a conditioned response tendency
process of condition = spontaneous recovery
the reappearance of an extinguished response after a period of non-exposure to the conditioned stimulus
process of condition = stimulus generalization
responding to things that are similar to the conditioned stimulus
process of condition = stimulus discrimination
the ability to differentiate between a conditioned stimulus and other stimuli that have not been paired with an unconditioned stimulus
high order conditioning
a conditioned stimulus functions as if it were an unconditioned stimulus
classical conditioning in everyday life:
-conditioned fear and anxiety
–events and interactions can create phobias
-emotional responses as of a result of a certain smell, song, etc
-physiological response (ie immune system)
watson
classical conditioning
skinner
operant conditioning
our behavior is controlled by the…
consequences we receive
operant conditioning
a form of learning in which responses come to be controlled by their consequences
operant responses are said to be…
emitted rather than elicited
primary reinforcers
events that are inherently reinforcing because they satisfy biological needs
ex: food, water
secondary (conditioned) reinforcers
events that acquire reinforcing qualities by being associated with primary reinforcers
ex: paycheck, attention
positive reinforcement
when a response is strengthened because it is followed by the presentation of a rewarding stimulus
negative reinforcement
when a response is strengthened because it is followed by the removal of an aversive (unpleasant) stimulus
punishment
an event following a response weakens the tendency to make that response
positive punishment
something is added
negative punishment
something is taken away
skinner box
a small enclosure in which an animal can make a specific response that is recorded while the consequences of the response are systematically controlled
acquisition
the initial stages of learning new response
shaping
process of repeatedly reinforcing closer and closer approximations to desired reponse
avoidance learning
an organism acquires a response that prevents some aversive stimulation from occurring
contingency theory - Robert Rescorla
-A “type” of classical conditioning
–pairing a US with a CS does not always lead to learning - must have an outcome that is recognizable by the subject
The Law of Effect - Edward Thorndike
responses that create a good effect becomes more likely to occur again, and responses that create a bad effect becomes less likely to occur again
Learned Helplessness - Martin Seligman
Continuous: without stopping or interruption (best for learning something new)
Intermittent: irregular intervals; not continuous or steady
operant^
Schedules of Reinforcement:
rules to present (or removes) reinforces (punishers) following desired response
*either fixed - continuous - or variable-intermittent
Fixed-Ratio Reinforcement
ex: 10 responses before I get reward
*lower resistance to extinction, because of variable
Fixed-Interval
ex: $13 an hour
Variable-Ratio Reinforcement:
higher resistance to extinction
ex: pulling lever on slot machine
Fixed-Interval Reinforcement:
lower resistance to extinction
ex: paid every 2 weeks, hourly pay is fixed and continuous
Variable-Interval:
higher resistance to extinction
ex: waves
*paid every 4 weeks but changes around the holidays
Commission=
ratio
salary=
interval
Fixed-Ratio
commission for every house you sell?
extinction
loss of desired response
Conditioned Taste Aversion
association of taste of foods with toxins or poisons
Social Learning Theory (Albert Bandura):
learn through watching others - observational learning
*models are viewed doing something and learner mimics the behavior
Social Cognitive Theory - Bandura
4 steps to learning: Attention, Retention, Reproduction, Motivation
Self-efficacy
To execute behaviors necessary to produce specific performance attainments
Fixed
Same
Variable
Change
Interval
Time
Ratio
Numbers
Hippocampus
Learning and memory
Types of memory
Sensory memory
Short term memory
Long term memory
Encoding
They taking in of new memories
Storage
Stores info in the brain
Retrieval
Helps retrieve info from the brain
Encoding requires…
Attention a filter or focus on specific stimuli
Selective attention
Focusing on a particular object in the environment for certain period of time
Cocktail party effect phenomenon
The ones ability to focus on a particular stimulus well filtering out other stimuli
Multitasking
Research suggests that the human brain can effectively handle only one attention consuming task at a time
Elaboration
Is linking a stimulus other information at the time of encoding
Visual imagery
Is created with visual images to represent words
Motivation to remember
Is when the information is perceived as being important
Self referent encoding 
Involves the siding how are weather information is personally relevant
Storage
Maintaining information in memory
Sensory memory
Perceives information in this original sensory form for a brief time usually only a fraction of a second
Short term memory
Limited capacity store they can maintain unrehearsed information for about 10 to 20 seconds
George Miller
The magical number seven
Chunking
Is grouping together of familiar stimuli as a single unit
Rehearsal
The process of repetitively verbalizing or thinking about the information
Working memory capacity
Refers to one’s ability to hold and manipulate information in conscious attention
Long-term memory
An unlimited capacity store that can hold information over lengthy periods of time
Retention
Refers to the proportion of material retained/remembered
Recall
Measure of attention requires subjects to reproduce information on their own without any cues example: essay
Recognition
Measure of attention requires subject to select previously learned information from an array of options
example: multiple-choice
Tip of the tongue phenomenon
The temporary inability to remember something you know accompanied by a feeling that it’s just out of reach
Miss information affect
Occurs when participants recall of an event they witnessed is altered by introducing misleading post event information
* Elizabeth Loftus’s car studies
Reality monitoring
Refers to the process of deciding whether memories are based on external sources (one’s perception or actual events) Or internal sources (one’s thoughts and imagination)
Example: did I turn off the porch light? I think I ate sushi Monday, didn’t I?
Source monitoring
Involves making attributions about the origins of memories
Example: what should I get this information from, my friend or on TV?
Source monitoring error
When a memory derived from one source is misattributed to another source
Example: explains how people can have memories of things didn’t experience
Destination memory
Involves are calling to whom one has told what
Forgetting curve
“Use it or lose it”
(Ebbinghaus)
Ineffective encoding
Not inserted in memory to begin with usually due to a lack of attention
Decay
Details lesson and fade over time
Interference
Other details and information get in the way
Retrieval failure
Retrieval and encoding do not match
Motivated forgetting
Freud‘s repression
Retrograde amnesia
Can’t remember things before the event
Anterograde amnesia
Can’t remember anything after the event
