exam prep for midterm #2

Question 1

what are similarities between ACTH,FSH and LH ,TSH

Answer 1

all are hormones produced by anterior pituitary and travel through the blood, regulated by negative fee back

Question 2

similarities between leptin, vasopressin and insulin?

Answer 2

all travel through the blood

Question 3

where is leptin released?

Answer 3

released from fat cells and signals to the hypothalamus to stop eating

Question 4

where is vasopressin released ?

Answer 4

from posterior pituitary and signals to nephonrs collecting duct to ass aquaporins and reabsorb water

Question 5

where is insulin released in?

Answer 5

from beta cells in the pancreas and causes glucose uptake in cells

Question 6

What are similarities between aldosterone
and glucocorticoids

Answer 6

Both produced by the adrenal glands
– Aldosterone regulates Na+ and K+ levels by acting at the nephron
* Aldosterone leads to Na+ reabsorption and K+ secretion in the nephron
– Glucocorticoids are stress hormones

Question 7

What are similarities between acetylcholine and dopamine?

Answer 7

neurotransmitters and signal through the synapse between neurons
acetylcholine also go through neuromuscular junction

Question 8

How does receptor downregulation affect
insulin signaling, leptin signaling, or
acetylcholine signaling? How could you
counteract this

Answer 8

– Downregulation of receptor leads to less signaling,
also called leptin resistance and insulin resistance
– Counteract it by either increasing insulin, leptin, or ``acetylcholine OR increasing the number of
receptors

Question 9

How is an action potential similar and different in
neurons compared to skeletal muscles?

Answer 9

for neurons
:Initial depolarization, voltage gated Na+
channels open, depolarization because Na+ flows in,
then voltage gated K+ channels open, repolarization
and then hyperpolarization because K+ flows out,
come back to resting membrane potential

Question 10

How is an action potential similar and different in
neurons compared to skeletal muscles?

Answer 10

Skeletal muscles: Initial depolarization is because
acetylcholine bound to acetylcholine receptors (ligand
gated ion channels), ion channels open and Na+
comes in, t tubule carries action potential, activates
voltage gated DHP receptor, pulls on Ryanodine
receptor, leads to Ca2+ release

Question 11

We have learned about voltage-gated Ca2+
channels, voltage-gated Na+ channels, and
voltage-gated K+ channels? What are the
similarities and differences between these?

Answer 11

-Different ions
– All activated by change in membrane potential

Question 12

We have learned about voltage-gated Ca2+
channels, voltage-gated Na+ channels, and
voltage-gated K+ channels? What are the
similarities and differences between these?

Answer 12

-Different ions
– All activated by change in membrane potential

Question 13

Which of the following steps would occur in an untreated type 1 diabetic after
eating candy? There is only one answer.
a. Glucose from the blood is taken into adipose cells
b. Glucose enters the beta cell through glucose transporter GLUT2
c. Ca2+ entry into the cell causes vesicles containing insulin to fuse with the
membrane and insulin is released
d. Glucose is reabsorbed in the nephron of the kidney
e. Insulin receptors are downregulated

Answer 13

d. Glucose is reabsorbed in the nephron of the kidney

Question 14

Which of the following could be a mechanism of
a drug to treat someone who has too little
glucocorticoid signaling? There is only ONE correct
answer.
a. Increase the release of glucocorticoids from the
hypothalamus
b. Decrease the release of ACTH from the anterior
pituitary
c. Increase glucocorticoid binding to glucocorticoid
receptors in the hypothalamus
d. Inject a glucocorticoid antagonist that binds to
glucocorticoid receptors in the pituitary

Answer 14

Inject a glucocorticoid antagonist that binds to
glucocorticoid receptors in the pituitary (note:
inject only in pituitary so just has local effect)

Question 14

Which of the following could be a mechanism of
a drug to treat someone who has too little
glucocorticoid signaling? There is only ONE correct
answer.
a. Increase the release of glucocorticoids from the
hypothalamus
b. Decrease the release of ACTH from the anterior
pituitary
c. Increase glucocorticoid binding to glucocorticoid
receptors in the hypothalamus
d. Inject a glucocorticoid antagonist that binds to
glucocorticoid receptors in the pituitary

Answer 14

Inject a glucocorticoid antagonist that binds to
glucocorticoid receptors in the pituitary (note:
inject only in pituitary so just has local effect)

Question 15

What would happen if the posterior pituitary
was removed. There is only ONE answer.
a. Urine output would decrease
b. Angiotensin II would not be made
c. The loop of Henle would concentrate urine
d. Blood pressure would decrease
e. Glucose uptake into fat cells would be
increased

Answer 15

The loop of Henle would concentrate urine

Question 16

What would happen if the anterior pituitary
was removed. There is only ONE answer.
a. FSH release would increase
b. There would be higher levels of thyroid
hormone in the blood
c. Glucocorticoids would be produced if
synthetic ACTH were injected into the blood
d. Aquaporins would not be inserted into the
collecting duct of the nephron
e. ACTH would be released from the
hypothalamus

Answer 16

c. Glucocorticoids would be produced if
synthetic ACTH were injected into the blood

Question 16

What would happen if the anterior pituitary
was removed. There is only ONE answer.
a. FSH release would increase
b. There would be higher levels of thyroid
hormone in the blood
c. Glucocorticoids would be produced if
synthetic ACTH were injected into the blood
d. Aquaporins would not be inserted into the
collecting duct of the nephron
e. ACTH would be released from the
hypothalamus

Answer 16

c. Glucocorticoids would be produced if
synthetic ACTH were injected into the blood