Exam Module 3 Flashcards
What did the development of the Chicago School of criminology emphasize in order to improve societal conditions?
Collaborative efforts
Sutherland’s theory of differential association included how many elements?
Nine
Deviance is created by…?
Society
Bandura demonstrated that learning can occur without what?
Responses
The “metaphor of the ledger” is most common in what type of settings?
corporate crime
The term “eminent domain” in urban sprawl means what?
Reassigning land from commercial to residential use.
Outsiders: Studies in the Sociology of Deviance was written by who about the labeling perspective?
Howard Becker
Restorative justice emphasizes what?
Rehabilitation of the person responsible
According to Quinney, crime is a definition of human conduct that is created by who?
Authorized agents in a politically organized society.
According to Walter Miller, which focal concern motivates street racing?
Excitement
Which concept best describes a child’s internalization of societal norms?
Socialization
Classical conditioning describes organisms as what type of actors?
Passive actors.
Neutralization theory was developed by who?
Sykes and Matza.
Group conflict theory focuses only on those situations in which criminal behavior is a result of conflicting group interests, which includes crimes arising from what?
Racial and ethnic clashes
The philosophy and teachings of Karl Marx influenced the development of what theory?
Radical conflict
Which theorists emphasized “drift” between conformity and nonconformity?
Matza
The general theory of crime assumes self-control must develop by what age?
10
Second-wave feminists argued that to be fully liberated, women needed to have what?
equal access to economic opportunities
Which type of feminism perceives domination—of women, marginalized groups, animals, and the Earth—as the essential problem rather than the patriarchy?
Ecofeminism
The “status-degradation ceremony” is associated with what theory or perspective?
Labeling theory.
Which feminist perspective argues that sexism is the most widespread form of human oppression?
Radical feminism.
According to Shaw and McKay’s theory, social disorganization is caused by what?
physical dilapidation, poverty, and heterogeneity
The community’s point of view or the social reaction to illegal behavior is called…?
Dramatization of evil.
What critical influence did Sutherland leave out of differential association theory?
Media
Restorative justice focuses on what?
Healing and reconciliation
Which type of conditioning emphasizes reinforcement and punishment?
Operant conditioning.
Otto Pollak believed that women were more criminal in nature because of…?
deceitful tendencies
Labeling theory posits that what can lead to increased criminal behavior?
assigning deviant labels
