Exam Module 2 Flashcards
Which term refers to the study of and policies related to improvement of the human race via control over selective reproduction?
eugenics
Which individual is known for saying some people were “born criminal”?
Lombroso
The manifestation of more than ______ stigmata indicates that an individual is atavistic and thus a born criminal.
5
High levels of ______ and other androgens tend to “masculinize” the brain toward risk-taking behavior.
testosterone
Nervous system chemicals in the brain and body that help convey electrical signals from one neuron to another are called…?
neurotransmitters
Adoption studies have found that the adopted children for whom ______ were the least likely to offend.
neither set of parents offended
Individuals with high psychoticism are characterized as being what?
aggressive
What is a subconscious domain of the psyche that is responsible for our innate desires and drives, such as libido?
id
According to Kohlberg, what level of morality involves designating what is considered “right” and “wrong” according to those in authority; rewards and punishments are key components?
preconventional
When faced with the Heinz Dilemma, an individual might decide that it is morally right to steal the medicine for his wife because preserving life is of utmost importance. Such an individual is at what Stage of moral development?
6
Which European researcher is associated with the first scientific study of criminology?
Adolphe Quetelet
Durkheim called primitive societies with a simple distribution of labor and high level of agreement about social norms and rules ______ societies.
mechanical
According to Merton, what type of person would be most likely to be respected by youths and adults in American society?
social media influencer with a six-figure income
What do we call the perception that results when poor people live in close proximity to wealthy people?
relative deprivation
Guerry found that ______ crimes were higher in wealthy areas but ______ crime was higher in poor areas.
Guerry found that property crimes were higher in wealthy areas but violent crime was higher in poor areas.
Studies of behavioral genetics regarding criminality or antisocial behaviors consistently show that heritability/genetic factors explain about what percentage of the variance in antisocial behavior?
50%
The general consensus on adoption studies is that…?
despite criticisms, their findings are still valid.
August Aichhorn attempted to use psychoanalysis to uncover the unconscious motives of ______ engaging in delinquent behavior.
juveniles
What evolves during individual development when restrictions, mores, and values of society are learned?
superego
Durkheim emphasized that human beings differ from other animal species in that they are…?
more altruistic.
Modern scientific studies show that perhaps the most vital part of the brain in terms of criminality regarding trauma is the what lobe?
frontal
The commonality among strain theories is that people who ______ are more likely to commit crimes.
are under stress
Who is credited with being the most influential theorist in modern structural perspectives of criminality?
Émile Durkheim.
According to Kohlberg’s stages of moral development, which stage would believe in punishments based on “an eye for an eye; a tooth for a tooth?”
Stage 1
Durkheim showed that the rate of suicide was lower among individuals who ______.
were more communal
What term refers specifically to antisocial personalities that are due to social or familial dysfunction?
sociopath
Who studied a family, the Kallikaks, to determine whether there is a link between heredity and criminality?
H. H. Goddard
According to Eysenck, for neurotics, the biological link is in the sympathetic part of the autonomic nervous system, which involves what?
fight and flight reactions
