Exam III Review Beyond The Individual gene And Genome Chapter 20

Question 1

The total of all alleles carried in all members of a population

Answer 1

Gene pool

Question 2

Only one allele

Answer 2

Monomorphic

Question 3

More than one allele

Answer 3

Polymorphic

Question 4

Proportion of all total individuals in a population that have particular phenotype

Answer 4

Phenotype frequency

Question 5

Proportion of all total individuals in a population that carry a particular genotype

Answer 5

Genotype frequency

Question 6

Proportion of gene copies in a population that are of a given allele type

Answer 6

Allele frequency

Question 7

One. The population has an infinite number of individuals. Two. Individuals mate at random. Three. No new mutations appear. Four. No migration into or out of the population. Five. Genotypes have no affect on ability to survive and transmit alleles to the next generation.

Answer 7

Hardy Weinberg assumptions

Question 8

A group of interbreeding individuals of a single species living in the same time and place

Answer 8

Population

Question 9

p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1

p + q = 1

Answer 9

Hardy Weinberg proportions

Question 10

Combining DNA indexing system. 13 unlinked highly variable simple sequence repeat loci.

Answer 10

Codis

Question 11

Computer program that uses a random number generator to choose an outcome for each probablistic event, i.e. Mating between individuals in a population. Population size is kept constant. Each run represents a possible pathway of genetic drift

Answer 11

Monte Carlo simulation

Question 12

A change in allele frequency as a consequence of the randomness of inheritance due to sampling error from one generation to the next

Answer 12

Genetic drift

Question 13

Loss of an allele from the population

Answer 13

Extinction

Question 14

Only one allele remains in the population

Answer 14

Fixation

Question 15

A few individuals separate from a larger population and establish a new population that is isolated from the original

Answer 15

Founder effects

Question 16

Large proportion of individuals die often from environmental disturbances or disease

Answer 16

Population bottlenecks

Question 17

Variant DNA sequence in and individuals genome that was not present in either parent

Answer 17

Mutation

Question 18

Mutation that disrupts important functions

Answer 18

Deleterious mutation

Question 19

Mutations that provide a selective advantage

Answer 19

Beneficial mutations

Question 20

Mutations without benefit or harm, most mutations

Answer 20

Neutral mutations

Question 21

Mutation rates appear to be relatively constant so genetically isolated populations accumulate DNA differences at roughly constant rate. Method to determine how long ago populations diversion from a common ancestor using differences in their DNA

Answer 21

Molecular clock

Question 22

An individual’s relative ability to survive (viability) and transmit it’s jeans to the next generation, reproductive success. Cannot be measured within a single individual. Can be measured by considering all individuals of the same genotype.

Answer 22

Fitness. W ranges from 1 (all individuals survive to reproduce) to 0 (no individuals survive to reproduce)

Question 23

The process that progressively eliminates individuals whose fitness is lower. individuals whose fitness is higher survive and become the parents of the next generation.

Answer 23

Natural selection

Question 24

Recessive lethal alleles do not cause death in the heterozygous form because a certain threshold of protein output is maintained. In the homozygous form, the protein output does not meet the threshold, causing death.

Answer 24

Recessive lethal alleles

Question 25

Heterozygotes have the highest fitness

Answer 25

Heterozygote advantage

Question 26

Maintains genetic polymorphisms

Answer 26

Balancing selection

Question 27

In The absence of the selective agent, resistance is subject to negative selection. mosquitoes

Answer 27

Fitness cost

Question 28

DNA maternally derived. One most recent common ancestor

Answer 28

Mitochondrial DNA

Question 29

Paternally derived. One most recent common ancestor

Answer 29

Y chromosome

Question 30

Modern humans originated in Africa. African populations show much greater DNA sequence diversity then do populations in other parts of the world. non-Africans all share a more recent common ancestor for all genomic regions than do Africans.

Answer 30

Out of Africa hypothesis

Question 31

Humanlike hominins. The hominin lineages leaving to Neanderthals and Homo sapiens diversion between 500 and 800,000 years ago

Answer 31

Neanderthals

Question 32

A hominin whose lineage separated from the Neanderthal lineage perhaps 600,000 years ago and from the modern human lineage roughly 800,000 years ago. Dennisovians died out roughly 30,000 years ago.

Answer 32

Dennisovians

Question 33

FIRMM

Answer 33

Fitness, Immigration, random, mutation, migration