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Genetics > Chapter 1 & 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 & 2 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Dna is encoded as a specific sequence of letters along the length of a molecule

Each unit of information is discrete (one of 4 letters in the dna alphabet)

A

Dna is one-dimensional and digital

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2
Q

Genes

A

Dna that encodes protein or a particular type of rna

Basic units of biological information (heredity)

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3
Q

Chromosomes

A

Organized structures containing dna and proteins that package and manage the storage, duplication, expression & evolution of Dna

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4
Q

Genome

A

Dna within the entire collection of chromosomes in each cell

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5
Q

Organisms change over time
Move
Adapt
Use sources of energy and matter to grow

A

Metabolism

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6
Q

Large polymers composed of hundreds to thousands of amino acid subunits in long chains

A

Proteins

20 amino acid’s order determines protein

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7
Q

Amino acid

A

Basic amino group

& acidic hydroxyl group

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8
Q

Rna

A

Adenine, uracil.
Uricil replaces thiamine, Less stable than dNA less diverse than protein so intermediate, Read in triplet, Complementarity to dna. May have been the 1st information processing molecule. Can fold into 3-d and catalyze chemical processes, but do not have the # of subunits (20 in protien) so less capacity and diversity.

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9
Q

Pax6 gene

A

Main control switch for initiating Eye development in fruit flies and humans (mice and insects 2)

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10
Q

Evolution of new genes

A

Duplication and divergence

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11
Q

Expressed, protein coding region of a gene,

1% of the genome

A

Exon or exons

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12
Q

Dna that does not code for a protein

A

Intron

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13
Q

The evolution of complexity is based on… Page 7 essay question

A

Hierarchic organization of the information encoded in chromosomes
Gene families and gene super families (immune system)
&
Rapid change of regulatory networks that specify how a gene behaves

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14
Q

How new functions evolve

A

Gene duplication followed by divergence of copies

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15
Q

Rapid diversification of genomes

A

Reshuffling of exons

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16
Q

Generates evolutionary change

A

gene regulation (where and when and to what degree a gene is expressed)

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17
Q

genetic dissection

A

Inactivate a gene in a model organism and observe the consequences (make a conclusion about the functions of a gene product) knock out nice

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18
Q

Genomics

A

The entire collection of chromosomes in each cell of an organism, 24 kinds of chromosomes, 30,000 genes

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19
Q

Conditional state arising because a gene interacts with environmental factors that affects the genes activation

Various forms of other genes modify the expression of said gene

A

Predisposition

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20
Q

Act prohibiting insurance companies and employers from discrimination on the basis of genetic tests

A

2008 genetic information nondiscrimination act

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21
Q

G-c and a-t base pairing in dan through hydrogen bonds

A

Complementarity

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22
Q

Dna alphabet

A

G,C
A,T
Guanine, cytosine
Adenine, thymine

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23
Q

The way genes transmit physiological, anatomical, and behavioral traits from parent to offspring

A

Heredity

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24
Q

The science of heredity, examination of how organisms pass biological information on to their progeny and how they use it in their lifetimes

A

Genetics

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25
Q

Inferred genetic laws that allowed him to make verifiable predictions about which traits would appear, disappear and reappear and in which generations

Devised a hypothesis that observable traits are determined by independent units invisible to the naked eye

A

Gregor Mendel

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26
Q
  1. Variation is widespread in nature
  2. Observable variation is essential for following genes from generation to generation
  3. Variation is not distributed by chance
  4. Laws apply to all sexually reproducing organisms
A

Four themes in mendel’s work

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27
Q

Purposeful control over mating by choice of parents for the next generation

Canine lupus familiaris

A

Artificial selection

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28
Q

Moravian sheep breeders society:

What is inherited?
How is it inherited?
What is the role of chance in heredity?

…Sent Mendel to the university of Vienna

A

Abbot Cyril napp

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29
Q

One parent contributes most to an offsprings inherited features,
Blended inheritance: parental traits become mixed and forever changed in offspring (wouldn’t see skipped generations if that were true)

A

Misconceptions about heredity

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30
Q

Chose pisum sativum.
Examined clear cut alternative forms of particular traits.
Collected and perpetuated lines of peas that bred true.
Carefully controlled matings.
He worked with large numbers of plants and made predictions based on models.
Focused on seeds in order to observe many more individuals in a limited space.

A

What Mendel did differently

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31
Q

Both egg and pollen come from the same plant

A

Self fertilization as opposed to cross fertilization

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32
Q

No intermediate forms

A

Discrete traits

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33
Q

Show many intermediate forms

A

Continuous traits

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34
Q

Produce offspring that carry specific parental traits that remain constant from generation to generation

A

Pure breeding or true breeding lines

Inbred

35
Q

Offspring of genetically dissimilar parents

A

Hybrids

36
Q

Reversing the traits of male and female parents controlling whether a trait is transmitted via the egg cell Or the sperm

Demonstrates that both parents contribute equally to inheritance

A

Reciprocal crosses

37
Q
  1. Transmission of visible characteristics in pea plants
  2. Defines unseen but logically deduced units (genes)
  3. Analyzes the behavior of genes in simple mathematical terms
A

“Experiments on plant hybrids”

38
Q

Pure breeding

A

P1 or parental generation

39
Q

Progeny of the P1 generation, if p1 were true breeding they should all look like a dominant parent, recessive gene being masked

A

First filial (F1)

40
Q

Cross between pure breeding lines that differ in only one trait, reveal the units of inheritance and the law of segregation

A

Monohybrid crosses (F1)

41
Q

Progeny of F1 generation (interbreeding), both parental types reappear in a 3:1 ratio (3 dominant, 1 recessive) shows blending is not true.

A

Second filial generation (F2)

42
Q

Same characteristic independent of sex

A

Reciprocal

43
Q

Evidence that blending had not occurred in the F1 cross

A

Presence of green peas In The F2 generation (yellow being dominant)

44
Q

Alternative forms of a single gene

A

Alleles

45
Q

Individuals having 2 different alleles for a single trait (F1)

A

Monohybrids

46
Q

Specialized cells that carry genes between the generations

A

Gametes

47
Q

During the formation of sex cells each gamete receives only one allele for each trait

A

Segregation

48
Q

Fertilized egg

A

Zygote

49
Q

Two alleles for each trait separate (segregate) during gamete formation and the unite at random (one from each parent) at fertilization

A

Law of segregation

50
Q

Shows the kind of gametes produced as well as possible combinations that might occur at fertilization

A

Punnett square

51
Q

States the the probability of two of more independent events occurring together is the product (x) of the probabilities that each event will occur by itself

1/2 x 1/2 = 1/4

A

Product rule

52
Q

State the the probability of either of 2 mutually exclusive events occouring is the sum (+) of their individual probabilities

1/4+1/4= 1/2 like Yy

Or yellow seeds (F1 progeny), 1/4+1/4+1/4 = 3/4

A

The sum rule

53
Q

Yellow F2 peas are of 2 types: pure breeding and hybrids

Conclusion: segregation of dominant and recessive alleles during gamete formation and their random Union at fertilization explained the 3:1 ratios observed when hybrids self fertilized

A

Mendel’s hypothesis

54
Q

Actual pair of alleles present in an individual

A

Genotype

55
Q

Two copies of the same allele

A

Homozygous

Homozygote

56
Q

Genotype with two different alleles

A

Heterozygous

Heterozygote

57
Q

A cross to a homozygous recessive individual. To decypher an unknown genotype, mate an individual showing the dominant phenotype with an individual expressing the recessive phenotype

Yy or YY to yy

A

Testcross

58
Q

Cross between pure-breeding lines that differ at two genes. Usually something like YYRR x yyrr.

yyrr = 1/4 x 1/4 = 1/16 (product rule, refers to combined Monohybrid crosses).

Reveals the law of independent assortment.

F2 phenotypic ratio of 9:3:3:1 (16 zygotes)

A

Dihybrid cross

59
Q

New phenotypic combinations

A

Recombinant types as opposed to parental types

60
Q

Shuffling of gene pairs during gamete formation

A

Independent assortment

61
Q

During gamete formation, different pairs of alleles segregate independently of each other

A

The law of independent assortment

62
Q

Cross between pure-breeding lines that differ at three or more genes. Number of different GAMETES = “2n” where n=# of different genes.

F1
AaBbCcDd -> 2 ^4 = 16 kinds of gametes.
AaBbCcDd x AaBbCcDd -> 16 x 16 = 256 genotypes.

A

Multihybrid crosses

63
Q

2n, n ,= to the # of traits

A

The number of different eggs or sperm

64
Q

Mating between the F1 progeny of pure breeding parents that differ in more than 3 or more unrelated traits

A

Multihybrid crosses

65
Q

2n

A

The number of different eggs or sperm

66
Q

Mating between relatives

A

Consanguineous mating

67
Q

Family history

A

Pedigree

68
Q

Disease Not present at birth but later in life

A

Late onset genetic trait

69
Q

Huntington disease

A

HD, Dominant, vertical pattern, defective Htt protein

70
Q

Cistic fibrosis

A

CF, recessive gene, horizontal pattern of inheritance, brothers and sisters may express the disease where parents and grandparents won’t. Heterozygous individuals produce enough CFTP for normal lung function.

71
Q

Bear a dominant normal Allele that masks the effects of the recessive abnormal one

A

Heterozygous carrier

72
Q

At least one parent affected
Shows up in every generation (vertical pattern of inheritance)
Unaffected children can be produced if parents are heterozygous

A

Dominant trait

73
Q

Consanguineous mating can cause two unaffected parents to produce affected individuals.
Parents of affected individuals are often unaffected, but heterozygous carriers.
All children should be affected if there are affected parents.
Rare traits show a horizontal pattern of inheritance (may not be seen in previous generations).
May show a vertical pattern of extremely common in the population

A

Recessive trait

74
Q

Composed of a sugar, phosphate group, and nitrogenous base

A

Nucleotide

75
Q

Primary structure (linear), secondary structure (alpha helixes and beta pleated sheets), tertiary structure (final 3-d structure after folding), quaternary (non-covalent interactions that bind multiple polypeptides into a single larger protien)

A

Structures of proteins

76
Q

In the electron transport chain, used to compare gene products in different species to provide evidence of relatedness

A

Chtochrome c

77
Q

Affect the location, timing, and level of expression of genes (fly wings - double or single pairs)

A

Regulatory networks

78
Q

Combined data collection, analysis, theory to understand heredity. Published “experiments on plant hybrids” in 1866

A

Gregor Mendel

79
Q

For every trait there is 2 copies of a unit of inheritance (gene) one maternal and one paternal

A

Mendel proposes “alleles”

80
Q

What is the probability that event 1 AND event 2 will occur?

P(1and 2) = probability of event 1 X probability of event 2

A

Product rule

81
Q

What is the probability that event 1 OR event 2 will occur?

P(1 or 2) = probability of event 1 + probability of event 2

A

Sum rule

82
Q

Observable characteristic

A

Phenotype

83
Q

During gamete formation different pairs of alleles segregate independently of each other

A

The law of Independent assortment

84
Q

A dominant allele usually determines a _____________ functioning protein where a recessive allele usually does not encode a ____________ protein.

A

Normally, functional

Genetics (14 decks)

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