Chapter 4 Flashcards
The nuclei of a normal human cells carry ________ pairs of chromosomes for a total of _______.
23, 46
The kind of nuclear division that results in 2 daughter cells containing the same # of chromosomes as the original parent.
Mitosis
The kind of nuclear division that generates sperm or egg cells containing 1/2 the # of chromosomes found in other cells within the same organism.
Meiosis
Gametes and other cells that carry only a single set of chromosomes are called ______.
Haploid
n
Zygotes and other cells that carry two matching sets of chromosomes. Maternal and paternal copies.
Diploid
2n
Individual chromosomes have duplicated. Each chromosome consisting of 2 identical halves at metaphase. Exact duplicates.
Sister Chromatids
Can be metacentric or acrocentric.
Centromere
Chromosomes that match in size, shape, and Banding pattern. They contain the same genes, though some genes may contain different alleles.
Homologous chromosomes or homologs
Chromosomes are carriers of genes
Chromosomal theory of inheritance
Chromosomes which carry completely different sets of genetic information
Nonhomologous chromosomes
In diploid organisms one ________ of a ______ is of maternal origin and the other paternal.
Homolog, pair
Klienfelter syndrome is when a male is _______.
XXY
Turner syndrome is when a female is ____.
XO
SRY
Sex determining region of Y, 110 protein coding genes.
The existence of XX males and XY females depending on where the part of SRY is attached (to X or Y).
Sex reversal
Gender giving rise to two different types of gametes, two different sex chromosomes
Heterogametic sex
One or 2 dark areas of chromatin that play a key role in the manufacture of ribosomes
Nucleoli
Repeating pattern of cell growth (interphase, (when chromosomes have been duplicated)) followed by division (mitosis). (Letters)
Cell cycle, G2, M, G1, S
Interphase, gap before duplication, cell cycle
G1
Interphase, DNA synthesis and chromosomal duplication, cell cycle
S
Interphase, gap before mitosis, cell cycle
G2
Chromosomal duplication in the cell cycle
M phase, mitosis and cytokinesis
Exit for the cell cycle
G0
Microtubules radiating out into the cytoplasm from a single organizing center
Centerosome
Small darkly staining bodies, core of each centrosome
Centrioles
Mitosis: Chromosomes condense and become viable, centrosomes move apart toward opposite poles and generate new microtubules, nucleoli begin to disappear (vocabulary: centromere, sister chromatids)
Prophase
Mitosis: Nuclear envelope breaks down, microtubules from the centrosomes invade the nucleus, sister chromatids attach to the microtubules from opposite centrosomes (vocabulary: astral microtubules, kinetichore, kinetichore microtubules, polar microtubules)
Prometaphase
Mitosis: Chromosomes align on the metaphase plate with sister chromatids facing opposite poles.
Metaphase
Mitosis: Centromeres (holding sister chromatids together) sever, the now separated sister chromatids move to opposite poles
Anaphase
Mitosis: Nuclear membranes and nucleoli re-form, spindle fibers disappear, former chromatids now function as independent chromosomes, uncoil and become a tangle of chromatin.
Telophase
Mitosis: The cytoplasm divides (contractile ring) splitting the elongated parent cell into to daughter cells with IDENTICAL nuclei
Cytokinesis
A structure in the centromere region of each chromatid specialized for conveyance
Kinetichore
Microtubules originating from the centrosomes
Mitosis spindle
Kinetichore, polar, astral
Different microtubules
Pinches the cell into two approximately equal halves
Contractile ring
Cell plate is a membrane enclosed disk in _______ mitosis.
Plant
An animal cell with 1 or more nuclei
Syncytial
Moments when a cell evaluates the results of previous steps allowing the sequential coordination of cell-cycle events
Checkpoints
Specialized haploid cells (eggs and sperm or pollen) that carry genes between generations
Gametes
