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Genetics > Exam 1 review > Flashcards

Exam 1 review Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Alternate forms of a single gene

A

Allele

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2
Q

An allele whose phenotype is expressed in a Heterozygote, a trait that appears in the F1 hybrids (heterozygote resulting from matting between pure breeding parental strains showing antagonistic Phenotypes)

A

Dominant

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3
Q

An allele whose phenotype is not expressed in a Heterozygote, a trait that remains hidden in the F1 hybrids (resulting from the mating between pure breeding parental strains having antagonistic Phenotypes) appears in the F2

A

Recessive

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4
Q

A genotype in which the two copies of the gene that determine a trait are the same allele

A

Homozygous

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5
Q

A genotype in which the two copies of a gene that determine a trait are different alleles

A

Heterozygous

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6
Q

Hemizygous

A

a genotype for genes present in only 1 copy in an otherwise diploid organism (such as X linked genes in a male)

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7
Q

Actual alleles present in an individual

A

Genotype

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8
Q

An observable characteristic

A

Phenotype

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9
Q

Cross between parents differing in only one trait

A

Monohybrid cross

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10
Q

Cross between parents that differ in two traits

A

Dihybrid cross

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11
Q

A cross used to determine the genotype of an individual showing a dominant phenotype by mating with an individual showing the recessive phenotype

A

Test cross

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12
Q

A cross of an F1 individual with a parent or an individual with an identical phenotype to the parent

A

Back cross

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13
Q

Pure breeding individuals whose progeny in subsequent generations will be studied for specific traits

A

Parental, P

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14
Q

Progeny of the P generation that all look like the dominant parent, recessive gene is masked

A

First filial, F1

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15
Q

Progeny of F1 interbreeding, both parental types reappear in a 3:1 ratio, (3 dominant, 1 recessive), shows blending is not true

A

Second filial, F2

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16
Q

2 alleles for each trait separate (segregate) during gamete formation and then unite at random (one from each parent) at fertilization

A

Law of segregation

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17
Q

During gamete formation different pairs of alleles segregate independently of each other

A

Law of independent assortment

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18
Q

Dominance where a dominant allele completely masks the effect of the recessive allele in a heterozygous individual

A

Complete dominance

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19
Q

When an F1 hybrid does not resemble either pure breeding parent; an intermediate phenotype where both parental alleles contribute to the phenotype. Can produce up to 9 different Phenotypes. Shades of purple flowers.

A

Incomplete dominance

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20
Q

Both traits show up equally in the heterozygote’s phenotype in the F1 cross (spotted lentils) 1:2:1 in the F2 generation (blood group alleles; a & b sugars)

A

Codominance

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21
Q

DNA that encodes a protein or a particular type of RNA, basic unit of biological information (heredity)

A

Gene

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22
Q

Of ours in individuals who have inherited 2 recessive alleles of the H gene and do not produce the H carbohydrate that is the precursor to the A &B antigens. They may possess either or both alleles but are unable to express them. Look like type O. Recessive Epistasis.

A

Bombay phenotype

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23
Q

Phenomenon in which a single gene determines a number of distinct and seemingly unrelated characteristics

A

Plieotropy

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24
Q

Multifactorial trait

A

Determined by two or more factors including multiple genes interacting with each other or one or more genes interacting with the environment

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25
Q

Case of epistasis in which The epistatic allele is recessive. 9:3:4 labs

A

Recessive epistasis

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26
Q

Genes working in tandem to produce a particular trait 9:7 sweet pea flowers

A

Complementary Gene action

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27
Q

The effects of a dominant allele at one gene hides the effects of alleles at another gene 12:3:1 squash

A

Dominant epistasis 1 & 2

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28
Q

Genes whose products serve the same function in a pathway, a mutant phenotype is observed only if both gene products are absent 15:1 maize

A

Redundant genes

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29
Q

Indicates how many members of a population with a particular genotype shows the expected phenotype

A

Penetrance

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30
Q

The degree or intensity with which a particular genotype is expressed in the phenotype

A

Expressivity

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31
Q

Process in which heterozygosity for loss of function, mutant recessive allele for two different genes that function in the same pathway produces a normal phenotype (deafness) (albinism)

A

Complementation/noncomplementation

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32
Q

Cells in an organism other than gametes and their precursors

A

Somatic cells

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33
Q

Repeating pattern of cell growth (interphase, when chromosomes have been duplicated) followed by division (mitosis). (Letters)

A

Cell cycle, G2, M, G1, S

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34
Q

Interphase, gap before duplication, cell cycle

A

G1

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35
Q

Interphase, DNA Synthesis and chromosomal duplication, cell cycle

A

S

36
Q

Interphase, gap before mitosis, cell cycle

A

G2

37
Q

Mitosis: chromosomes condense, centrosomes move apart toward opposite poles and nucleoli begin to disappear

A

Prophase

38
Q

Mitosis: nuclear envelope breaks down, sister chromatids are attached to the microtubules from opposite centrosomes (vocabulary: astral, kinetichore microtubules and polar microtubules)

A

Prometaphase

39
Q

Mitosis: chromosomes align on the metaphase plate with sister chromatids facing opposite poles

A

Metaphase

40
Q

Mitosis; centromeres (holding sister chromatids together) sever, kinetichore microtubules shorten and pull sister chromatids to opposite poles

A

Anaphase

41
Q

Mitosis: identical sets of chromosomes are enclosed into nuclei. Nuclear membranes form around each set of chromosomes. Nuclei reform. Spindle fibers disappear. Chromosomes condense into chromatin.

A

Telophase

42
Q

Mitosis: the cytoplasm divides. Begins during anaphase but not completed until after Telophase. Parent cells split into two daughter cells with identical nuclei.

A

Cytokinesis

43
Q

Cells in an organism other than gametes and their precursors

A

Somatic cells

44
Q

Specialized cells that incorporate into the reproductive organs where they ultimately undergo meiosis there by producing haploid gametes that transmit genes to the next generation

A

Germ cells

45
Q

Specialized haploid cells (eggs and sperm for pollen) that carry genes between generations

A

Gametes

46
Q

The visual description of the complete set of chromosomes in one cell of an organism usually presented as a Pictomicrograph with the chromosomes arranged in a standard format showing the size, number and shape of each chromosome type

A

Karyotype

47
Q

(Homologs) chromosomes that match in size, shape and banding pattern; A pair of chromosomes containing the same linear gene sequence, each derived from one parent

A

Homologous chromosomes

48
Q

The two identical copies of a chromosome that exist immediately after DNA replication. They are held together by protein complexes called cohesins.

A

Sister chromatids

49
Q

Specialized chromosome region at which sister chromatids are connected and to which spindle fibers attached during cell division

A

Centromere

50
Q

Microtubule Organizing center at the poles of the spindle apparatus

A

Centrosome

51
Q

Process during which homologous chromosomes become aligned and zipped together; occurs in zygotene of prophase one

A

Synapsis

52
Q

During meiosis, the breaking of one maternal and one paternal chromosomes, resulting in the exchange of corresponding sections of DNA and the rejoining of the chromosome. This process can result in the exchange of alleles between chromosomes.

A

Crossing over

53
Q

Observable regions in which non-sister chromatids of homologous chromosomes crossover

A

Chiasmata

54
Q

The process by which offspring derive a combination of alleles different from that of either parent; the generation of new allelic combinations, in higher organisms-> crossing over

A

recombination

55
Q

Failures in chromosomal segregation during meiosis, responsible for such defects as trisomy

A

Nondisjunction

56
Q

Chromosomes not involved in sex determination (we have 22 pairs of autosomes)

A

Autosomes

57
Q

X and Y chromosomes in human beings, which determine the sex of an individual

A

Sex chromosomes

58
Q

Condition in females caused by the presence of only one chromosome. They have short stature and other morphological abnormalities.

A

Turner syndrome

59
Q

The production of sperm

A

Spermatogenesis

60
Q

The formation of the female gametes (eggs)

A

OoGenesis

61
Q

A condition caused by the presence of multiple X chromosomes in males. Tend to be excessively tall, feminized and sterile.

A

Klinefelter syndrome

62
Q

Condition caused by complete or partial trisomy for the 21st chromosome, characterized by mental impairment and a variety of morphological abnormalities

A

Down syndrome

63
Q

The proximity of two or more markers on a chromosome, the closer together the markers are, the lower the probability that they will be separated by recombination. Genes are linked when the frequency of parental type progeny exceeds that of recombinant progeny. Segregation law broken!

A

Linkage

64
Q

A tetrad that contains for parental class haploid cells

A

Parental ditypes

65
Q

A fungal tetrad containing for recombinant spores

A

Non-parental ditypes

66
Q

Fungal ascus that carries four kinds of spores, or haploid cells, two different parental types and two different recombinant types

A

Tetratypes

67
Q

A measure of interference in the formation of chromosomal crossovers during meiosis = actual double recombinant frequency/expected double recombinant frequency

A

Coefficient of coincidence

68
Q

A parent crossing over between nonsister chromatids during mitosis

A

Mitotic recombination

69
Q

Homologous chromosomes enter Synapsis, Crossing over, nuclear membrane breaks down and the spindle begins to reform

A

Meiosis: prophase I

70
Q

Tetrads line up on the metaphase plate,

A

Meiosis: metaphase I

71
Q

Centromere does not divide, chiasmata dissolve, homologous chromosomes move to opposite poles

A

Meiosis: anaphase I

72
Q

The nuclear envelope reforms, each cell has one copy of each homologous pair

A

Meiosis: Telophase I

73
Q

Similar to interphase but no chromosomal duplication takes place, cells separate

A

Meiosis: interkinesis

74
Q

Centrioles move toward the polls, the nuclear envelope breaks down

A

Meiosis: prophase II

75
Q

Chromosomes align at the metaphase plate, sister chromatids attach to spindle fibers from opposite poles

A

Meiosis: metaphase II

76
Q

Centromere’s divide and sister chromatids move to opposite poles

A

Meiosis: anaphase II

77
Q

Chromosomes begin to uncoil, nuclear envelopes and nucleoli reform

A

Meiosis: Telophase II

78
Q

The cytoplasm divides forming 4 new haploid cells

A

Meiosis: cytokinesis

79
Q

The phenotypic expression of an allele related to the sex chromosome of an individual

A

Sex linkage

80
Q

The occurrence of one crossover reduces the likelihood that another crossover will occur in an adjacent part of the chromosome, crossovers not occurring independently

A

Chromosomal interference

81
Q

The quantitative measure of the amount of interference in different chromosomes intervals by first calculating ______________________ defined as the ratio between the actual frequency of a double crossover observed in an experiment and the number of double crossovers expected on the basis of independent probability

A

Coefficient of coincidence (equals frequency observed divided by frequency expected)

82
Q

Define interference

A

Interference = 1 - coefficient of coincidence, expressed as a decimal

83
Q

Figure 3:14 suggested problem

A

Look at it

84
Q

Difference between mitosis and meiosis

A

Short answer

85
Q

Spermatogenesis and oogenisis

A

Compare contrast

86
Q

Alter the phenotypes produced by alleles of other genes

A

Modifier genes (short tail gene in mice)

87
Q

Independent assortment – chance governs which chromosomes are pulled to which poles in meiosis I.
Recombination – crossing over between homologues create different combinations of alleles within each chromosome

A

How meiosis contribute to genetic diversity

Genetics (14 decks)

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