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Genetics > Chapter 3 > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

1) When an F1 hybrid does not resemble either pure breeding parents
2) Intermediate phenotype where both parental alleles contribute to the phenotype
3) 1:2:1 phenotypic ratio exactly reflects the genotype can ratio
4) recessive may not be expressing a viable protein (snap dragons)

A

Incomplete dominance

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2
Q

1) Both traits show up equally in the heterozygotes phenotype in the F1 cross (spotted dotted lentils) 2)1:2:1 in the F2 generation 3) blood group alleles (a and b sugars)

A

Codominant

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3
Q

Novel phenotype determined by 2 or more genes, or from interactions between genes and the environment (green lentils) 9:3:3:1

A

Multifactorial

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4
Q

A given gene may have more than two alleles.

Sugar adding enzyme in blood

A

Multiple alleles

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5
Q

Alleles are listed in order from most to least dominant

A

Dominance series

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6
Q

Chance alterations of the genetic material that are spontaneous in nature

A

Mutations

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7
Q

Percentage of the total number of gene copies

A

Allele frequency

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8
Q

The most common alleles of each gene In a population, or if present, at a frequency of greater than 1%, often designated +

A

Wild type

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9
Q

Rare allele

A

Mutant allele

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10
Q

A gene with only one common wild type allele,
Agouti,
More than 99% frequency

A

Monomorphic

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11
Q

Some genes have more than one common allele,

ABO blood type system

A

Polymorphic

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12
Q

High frequency alleles of a polymorphic gene,

ABO blood type system

A

Common variants

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13
Q

When a single gene determines a # of distinct and seemingly unrelated characteristics,

Mutations can influence multiple biochemical processes

A

Plieotropy

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14
Q

An allele that negatively affects the survival of a Homozygote, 1:2 phenotypic ratio indicates a missing genotype

A

Recessive lethal alleles

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15
Q

Extension: Incomplete dominance or codominance,
On crossing F1, Phenotypes are 1:2:1,
Unlike either Homozygote

A

Extension to complete dominance

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16
Q

Extension: multiple alleles
Multiplicity of Phenotypes
Series of 3:1 ratios

A

Extension to two alleles

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17
Q

Extension: recessive lethal alleles
2:1 instead of 3:1
Heterozygotes survive but may have visible Phenotypes

A

Extension to all alleles are equally viable

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18
Q

Extension: Plieotropy,

One gene affects Several traits, affected several ways depending on dominance relationships, Different ratios

A

Extension to one gene determines one trait

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19
Q

Two genes working in tandem To produce purple sweet pea flowers, a dominant allele of each gene (producing white flowers) must be present (in opposite parents) to produce that color
9:7 in the F2; A-B- is the only purple phenotype

A

Complementary gene action

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20
Q

A gene interaction in which the effects of an allele at one gene hide the effects of alleles at another gene. Can be either dominant or recessive.

A

Epistasis

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21
Q

Homozygous for a recessive allele of the second gene is required to hide the effects of another gene to cause a masking phenomenon

9:3:4 in Chocolate labs

A

Recessive Epistasis

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22
Q

Dark color in dog coats

A

Eumelanin

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23
Q

Light color of dog coats

A

Pheomelanin

24
Q

Epistasis when the dominant allele of one gene hides the effects of another gene

Chickens

A

Dominant Epistasis

25
Q

15:1

Specify nearly identical proteins that perform the same function

A

Redundant gene action

26
Q

One dominant allele of each of 2 genes is Necessary to produce phenotype
9:7
Sweet pea flowers

A

Complementarity

27
Q

Homozygous recessive of one gene masks both alleles of another
9:3:4
Labrador retriever coat color

A

Recessive Epistasis

28
Q

Dominant allele of one gene masks the effects of both alleles of another gene 12:3:1
Summer squash color

A

Dominant Epistasis 1

29
Q

Dominant allele of one gene hides effects of dominant allele of other gene
13:3
Chicken feathers

A

Dominant Epistasis 2

30
Q

Only one dominant allele of either of 2 genes is necessary to produce a phenotype
15:1
Maize leaves

A

Redundancy

31
Q

A mutation at any one of a number of genes can give rise to the same phenotype, deafness

A

Heterogeneous trait

32
Q

When what appears to be an identical recessive phenotype arises in two separate breeding lines. Are mutations in the same gene responsible for the phenotype in both lines? If offspring receiving the two mutations (one from each parent) expresses the wild type complementation has occurred

A

Complementation test

33
Q

Dominant allele which also acts as a recessive lethal in mice

A

Agouti

34
Q

OAC, case of complementation, aaBB x AAbb

A

Ocular cutaneous albanism

35
Q

How members of a population with a particular genotype show the expected phenotype, %, occourance

A

Penetrance

36
Q

Degree or intensity with which a particular genotype is expressed in a phenotype, can be variable (retinoblastoma) or unvarying (like peas) seriousness of disease

A

Expressivity

37
Q

Alter the Phenotypes produced by the alleles of other genes, subtle, T mutation in mice

A

Modifier genes

38
Q

Environment acting on phenotype, temperature sensitive enzyme

A

Siamese variant

39
Q

Temp sensitive shibire gene in fruit flies, lethal only under certain conditions

A

Conditional lethal

40
Q

Conditions under which an organism remains viable

A

Permissive conditions

41
Q

Conditions that are lethal

A

Restrictive conditions

42
Q

A change in phenotype similar to that of mutant genes, not heritable, thalidomide, pku

A

Phenocopy

43
Q

Discrete trait like pea plant height

A

Discontinuous trait

44
Q

Continuous phenotypic variation, skin color, height in humans, polygenic

A

Continuous trait

45
Q

Population in which individuals differ in alleles of many genes

A

Outbred population

46
Q

Homozygotes may survive beyond birth but die before passing on a disease allele (Tay Sachs)

A

Delayed lethality

47
Q

Homozygote may pass on recessive lethal alleles (cancer)

A

Late-onset diseases

48
Q

All ____________ early lethal mutant alleles must be new mutations.

A

Dominant, they have never been passed on.

49
Q

Plieotropy, recessive lethality, different dominance relations. Hb alpha (wild type) and Hb beta genes. 400 mutants Hb beta s causes sickle-cell.

A

Sickle-cell anemia

50
Q

Hb beta a and Hb beta s show dominance recessive (shape), codominance (shape at high altitudes), and incomplete dominance (concentration of cells), and dominance recessive (susceptiblity to malaria).

A

relationships in sickle cell-anemia

51
Q

The allele that does the masking is ___________ to the gene that is being masked (the hypostatic gene).

A

Epistatic

52
Q

Gene _____ determine black and chocolate coat color in labs.

A

B alleles

53
Q

Recessive allele __ of __ gene is Epistatic to ___ and determines yellow coat color In labs.

A

e, E, B

54
Q

9:3:4 ratio in the ____ indicates __________ Epistasis.

A

F2, recessive

55
Q

_______ ________ in humans causes rare Bombay blood type.

A

Recessive Epistasis

56
Q

H, H__

A

Gene for substance _____ is epistatic to the ABO gene. All type A, type AB, type B, and type O are ____.

Genetics (14 decks)

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