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Genetics > Chapter 6 > Flashcards

Chapter 6 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Bonds joining one nucleotide to another are covalent________

A

Phosphodiester bonds

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2
Q

The ability of a substance to change the genetic characteristics of an organism

A

Transformation

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3
Q

Attachment of the base to the deoxyribose sugar, addition of phosphate.

A

Nucleotide

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4
Q

Adenine, guanine

A

Purines

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5
Q

Thymine, cytosine.

A

Pyrimidines

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6
Q

Spacing between repeating units along the axis of the helix is 3.4 Å, the helix undergoes one complete turn every 34 Å, the diameter of the molecule is 20 Å.

A

Measurements of DNA

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7
Q

Spiral to the right

A

B form DNA

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8
Q

Spirals to the left and the backbone takes on a zigzag shape

A

Z form DNA

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9
Q

Retroviruses

A

Use RNA as their genetic material

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10
Q

Number one) Ribose instead of deoxyribose. Number two) RNA contains the base uricil instead of thymine which pairs with adenine. Three) Most RNA molecules are single stranded

A

Differences between RNA and DNA

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11
Q

Copying in which one strand of each new double helix is conserved from the parent molecule and the other is newly synthesized.

A

Semi conservative replication

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12
Q

Know the Meselson – stall experiment

A

Semi conservative replication

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13
Q

The high energy phosphate bonds required to synthesize every DNA molecule consists of four

A

Deoxynucleotide triphosphates (DATP, DCTP, DGTP, DTTP)

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14
Q

Number one. The 4DNTP’s Number two. The single-stranded template double-stranded DNA must be unwound. Number three. The primer with a free three prime hydroxyl group

A

Requirements for DNA replication

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15
Q

Proteins open up the double helix and prepare it for complementary base pairing

A

Initiation

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16
Q

Proteins connect the correct sequence of nucleotides on both newly formed DNA double helixes

A

Elongation

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17
Q

2 Y shaped areas

A

Replication forks

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18
Q

One newly synthesized strand that can grow continuously into each of the replication forks

A

Leading strand

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19
Q

Generated in pieces called OkaZaki fragments, The polarity of the _________ is opposite that the leading strand.

A

Lagging strand

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20
Q

Major role in producing the new strands of complementary DNA. Enzyme complex that adds nucleotides to the three prime end of a pre-existing strand of nucleic acid. Only functions in the five prime to three prime direction.

A

DNA polymerase III

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21
Q

Fills in the gaps between newly synthesized Okazaki fragments, replaces the RNA primer of the previously made Okazaki fragments with DNA

A

DNA polymerase I

22
Q

Unwinds the double helix

A

DNA Helicase

23
Q

Keep the DNA helix open

A

Single-stranded DNA binding proteins

24
Q

Generates rna primers to initiate DNA synthesis. Attracts DNA polymerase III.

A

Primase

25
Q

Welds together Okazaki fragments into a continuous strand of DNA

A

DNA ligase

26
Q

Short sequence of nucleotides known as the…

A

Origin of replication

27
Q

Initiator protein binds to the origin of replication. Initiator attracts DNA helicase. Replication bubble involves two replication forks. Single-strands will serve as templates for synthesizing new strands of DNA.

A

Initiation, preparing the double helix for use as a template

28
Q

Linkage of subunits through the formation of phosphodiester bonds is known as polymerization. The DNA polymerase molecule actually moves along the anti-parallel template strand in the three prime to 5 prime direction.

A

Elongation: connecting the correct sequence of nucleotides to a continuous new strand of DNA

29
Q

Initiated by short RNA primers

A

OKazaki fragment

30
Q

DNA replication is generally…

A

Bidirectional

31
Q

One origin of replication, two replication forks meeting at a designated termination region

A

E.coli

32
Q

Accumulate in front of the replication forks. Over winding, distortion, additional twisting of the DNA molecule is called…

A

Super coiling

33
Q

Helps relax the supercoils by nicking one or cutting both strands of DNA, cleaving the sugar phosphate backbone between two adjoining nucleotides.

A

DNA topoisomerases

34
Q

Specialized termination structures in eukaryotic chromosomes

A

Telomeres

35
Q

Fidelity of DNA. Either strand of the double helix can specify the sequence of the other.

A

Redundancy

36
Q

Fidelity of DNA. DNA polymerase has acquired a proof reading ability

A

Precision of the cellular replication machinery

37
Q

Fidelity of DNA. Enzymes that ________ Chemical damage to DNA.

A

Repair

38
Q

New combinations of already existing alleles arise from…

A

Independent assortment (in which each pair of homologous chromosomes segregate free from the influence of other pairs) and crossing over

39
Q

The generation of new allelic combinations three genetic exchange between pomologist chromosomes

A

Recombination

40
Q

Chromosomes that carry a mix of alleles derived from different homologs

A

Recombinants

41
Q

If homologues fail to recombine they often are unable to orient themselves toward opposite poles of the meiosis 1 spindle one resulting in…

A

Nondisjunction

42
Q

A miotic recombination event begins when ________ makes a double strand break in one of the four chromatids

A

Spo11

43
Q

And enzyme that removes nucleotides from an end of the DNA molecule, degrades one strand of DNA from both sides of the cleavage

A

Exonuclease

44
Q

One single-stranded tail displaces the corresponding stranded on the sister chromatid

A

Strand invasion

45
Q

Stran invasion results in the formation of a ________ in which the DNA molecule is composed of one strand from each non-sister chromatid

A

Heteroduplex

46
Q

Reseal the DNA backbones

A

DNA ligase

47
Q

Interlocking of 2 nonsister chromatids

A

(2) holiday junctions

48
Q

The holiday junctions move away from each other and they are by and large the header a duplex between them

A

Branch migration

49
Q

During first strand invasion the protein ___________ collaborates with other proteins to help one of the tails (formed by __________) invade and open up the other chromatids double helix. This is the heteroduplex. The strand displaced by the invading tail forms a______.

A

DMC 1, resection, D Loop

50
Q

Forms phosphodiester bonds to rejoin DNA strands without the loss or gain of nucleotides (in holiday junctions).

A

DNA ligase

51
Q

Occurs after holiday Junction.

A

Branch migration

52
Q

Look up model of recombination at the molecular level

A

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Genetics (14 decks)

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