Exam III Review Analyzing Genetic Variation Chapter 10 Flashcards
Affecting neither the nature nor the amounts of any protein in the body. Signpost in the genome.
Anonymous DNA polymorphisms/DNA markers
Proteins with signal binding site outside the cell, transmembrane segment, and and intracellular domain
Single nucleotide polymorphism
Sequence differences often located either between jeans or in Introns
DNA polymorphisms
Short insertions or deletions of a single base pair or a few base pairs, occur once about every 10 kilobases
Deletion – insertion polymorphisms (dips)
Also called microsatellites, 1 to 10 bases repeated in tandem 10 to 100 times occur once in every 30 kilobases have no effect except in trinucleotide repeats within jeans. Highly polymorphic.
Simple sequence repeats SSrs
Large blocks of duplications or deletions from 100 BP to 10 mb. Most are inherited. Highly polymorphic because of their potential for unequal crossing over.
Copy number variants
Method of making many copies of a targeted region of DNA. Amplifies defined regions of the genome. 2n
Polymerase chain reaction
Fetal cells and amnionic fluid are extracted using a needle
Amniocentesis
Utilizes in vitro fertilization to genotype embryos before placing in womb. Woman is injected with FSH. Eggs are removed and fertilized with sperm in vitro. At 6 to 10 cell stage one cell is removed and used for genotyping. Selected embryos are transferred into the uterus.
Pre-implantation embryo diagnosis
Combined DNA indexing system. DNA from a crime scene may be matched to a person or can establish innocence. Siblings and parents and children share 50% of their DNA sample Familial searches are possible. maintained by the FBI.
Codis
Ability of complementary single strands of DNA or RNA me to come together to form double-stranded molecules. short hybridization probes can distinguish single base mismatches. No mismatch? hybrid will be stable at high temperatures. Mismatch? hybrid will denature at high temperature.
DNA MicroArrays genotype millions of snps.
Attached to a solid support like a silicon chip, hybridize with nucleic acid
Allele specific oligonucleotides
An allele present long before the human species took form
Ancestral allele
Changed nucleotide
Derived allele
Extensions of the Sanger sequencing approach are One, individual DNA molecules being synthesized by DNA polymerase are anchored in one place. Second these methods control base addition temporarily so that each base can be identified before the next one is added third, in some systems the sensitivity of detection can be my one single molecule of DNA can be monitored without the need for cloning or PCR amplification.
New techniques sequence millions of individual DNA molecules in parallel