Exam 7 Special Senses 70X

Question 1

What is the conscious or subconscious awareness of external or internal stimuli?

Answer 1

Sensation

Question 2

Impulses that reach the thalamus provide what type of awareness of the sensation?

Answer 2

Crude awareness of location and type of sensation

Question 3

Impulses that reach the cerebral cortex enable type of awareness of the sensation?

Answer 3

Precise location of the stimulus, as well as type of stimulus

Question 4

What is the conscious awareness and interpretation of the meaning of sensations?

Answer 4

Perception

Question 5

There is no perception of sensory impulses that do not reach what?

Answer 5

Thalamus and cerebral cortex

Question 6

What is a sensory modality?

Answer 6

Unique type of sensation:

• Touch
• Pain
• Vision
• Hearing

Question 7

An individual sensory neuron will carry information for how many modalities?

Answer 7

Only ONE type of Modality

Question 8

What are the two classes the sensory modalities are grouped?

Answer 8

General Senses

Special Senses

Question 9

What senses are included into the General Senses class?

Answer 9

Somatic Senses

Visceral Senses

Question 10

What modalities are included in the General Senses class?

Answer 10

• Tactile Sensations: Touch, Pressure, Vibration, Itch, Tickle
• Thermal Sensations: Warm, Cold, Hot
• Pain Sensations
• Proprioceptive Sensations
• Dynamic Sensations: movements of limbs and head

Question 11

What sensation provides information about conditions within internal organs?

Answer 11

Visceral Sensations (of the General Sense Class)

Question 12

Visceral sensation is usually not appreciated at what level of awareness?

Answer 12

Conscious level of awareness (other than as “feeling good” or “feeling bad”)

Question 13

What modalities are included in the Special senses class?

Answer 13

Smell
Taste
Vision
Hearing
Equilibrium

Question 14

What are the two different kinds of graded potentials that are produced by sensory receptors?

Answer 14

Generator Potentials
Receptor Potentials
(Amplitude of both types varies directly w/intensity of stimulus)

Question 15

Generator potential are produced by dendrites of what?

Answer 15

• Free Nerve Endings
• Encapsulated Nerve Endings
• Receptive Part of Olfactory Receptors

Question 16

Most sensory receptors exhibit ADAPTATION, which refers to what?

Answer 16

Decrease in generator potential or receptor potential amplitude when exposed to continuous constant stimulus over a long term

Question 17

What causes the perception of a sensation to fade or disappear, even though the true magnitude of the stimulus has not changed?

Answer 17

Adaptation (of sensory receptors)

Question 18

What receptors are rapidly adapting receptors and quickly stop firing in response to a constant stimulus?

Answer 18

Meissner’s Corpuscles

Pacinian Corpuscles

Question 19

What receptors are slowly adapting receptors and continue to fire in response to constant stimulus?

Answer 19

Merkel’s disks

Ruffini Endings

Question 20

What type of sensation arises from stimulation of sensory receptors embedded in the skin or subcutaneous layer, mucous membranes, muscles, tendons, joint, and inner ear.

Answer 20

Somatic Sensations

Question 21

Somatic sensations that arise from stimulating the surface of the skin are termed what?

Answer 21

Cutaneous Sensations

Question 22

What are the four modalities of Somatic Sensation?

Answer 22

Tactile
Thermal
Pain
Proprioceptive

Question 23

What modalities are included in (or comprise) Tactile Sensations?

Answer 23

Touch
Pressure
Vibration
Itch
Tickle

Question 24

Tactile sensations arise to a great degree by activation of the same structural type of receptor, What type of tactile sensation stimulate Free nerve endings and Encapsulated Nerve Endings?

Answer 24

Free Nerve Endings:
-Itch
-Tickle
Encapsulated Nerve Endings:
-Touch
-Pressure
-Vibration

Question 25

Touch sensations are usually due to stimulation of what?

Answer 25

Tactile receptors in the skin or subcutaneous layer

Question 26

What kind of touch: is the ability to perceive that something has contacted the skin, but its location, shape, size, and texture can not be ascertained

Answer 26

Crude Touch

Question 27

Define: Fine Touch

Answer 27

Specific information about the location touched, and shape, size, and texture of the source of stimulation

Question 28

What sensation is interpreted from sustained sensation felt over a larger area than touch occurring w/ deformation of deeper tissues than does touch? What does this mean for these receptors?

Answer 28

Pressure | -Pressure receptors can be deeper

Question 29

What receptors are free nerve endings found in every tissue of the body except the brain?

Answer 29

Pain Receptors

Question 30

What term is used for Pain receptors? What type of adaptation do they have?

Answer 30

Nociceptors | -Exhibit very little adaptation

Question 31

Nociceptors can be activated by what?

Answer 31

Intense thermal, mechanical, or chemical stimuli

Question 32

What chemicals are release by irritated or injured tissue in which stimulate nociceptors?

Answer 32

Kinins Prostaglandins Potassium Ions

Question 33

What are the two types of pain? What are these differentiated based on?

Answer 33

Types: Fast and Slow Differentiated: -Types of nerve fibers that propagate impulses (speed of propagation) -Where in the body the particular type of pain can occur

Question 34

What pain is propagated along medium-diameter, myelinated A fibers, not felt in deeper tissues of the body, and perception of pain occurs very rapidly?

Answer 34

Fast Pain

Question 35

Fast Pain is also termed what?

Answer 35

Acute Pain Sharp Pain Pricking Pain

Question 36

What are some examples of what would cause fast pain?

Answer 36

Needle Puncture | Knife Cut

Question 37

What pain is propagated along small-diameter, unmyelinated C Fibers, felt in both the skin, deeper tissues of the body, and internal organs, Perception occurs a second or more after stimulus is applied?

Answer 37

Slow Pain Ex: Toothache

Question 38

Slow Pain is also termed what?

Answer 38

``` Chronic Pin Burning Pain Aching Pain Throbbing Pain (May be excruciating) ```

Question 39

What is Selectivity? (Regarding a neuron)

Answer 39

Sensory receptors specialize and monitor one (and only one) type of stimulus to which it is sensitive ((Sensory receptors comprise either specialized cells or dendrites of a sensory neuron))

Question 40

`The process of a sensory receptor converting stimulus energy into electrical energy, in which the sensory puts out a graded potential w/varying amplitude depending on the strength of the stimulus, is called what?

Answer 40

Transduction

Question 41

What is a first-order neuron?

Answer 41

Sensory neurons that conduct impulses from the PNS into the CNS

Question 42

The CNS has specific regions that receive and integrate sensory impulses, where are Conscious sensations or perceptions integrated into?

Answer 42

Cerebral Cortex

Question 43

In what ways are Sensory Receptors Classified?

Answer 43

- Microscopic Appearance - Origin of Stimuli and Consequent location of receptor - Type of Stimulus detected

Question 44

What are the different Classifications by Microscopic Appearance for Sensory Receptors Nerves?

Answer 44

- Free Nerve Ending - Encapsulated Nerve Endings - Separate Cells

Question 45

Which nerve ending have the microscopic appearance of bare dendrites, no structural specialization microscopically?

Answer 45

Free Nerve Endings

Question 46

Free Nerve Endings are involved in sensory of what types of stimuli?

Answer 46

``` Pain Thermal Tickle Itch Some Touch ```

Question 47

What Nerve endings have a microscopic appearance in which the dendrites are enclosed in connective tissue capsules which enhances sensitivity or specificity of the receptor?

Answer 47

Encapsulated Nerve Endings

Question 48

Encapsulated Nerve Endings are involved in sensory of what types of stimuli?

Answer 48

- Pressure & Vibration (Lamellated) | - Touch (Meisner) (Some)

Question 49

What Nerve endings classification falls into the special senses and in which specialized cell synapses w/first-order sensory neuron?

Answer 49

Separate Cells

Question 50

Separate Cells of the special senses are involved in sensory of what types of stimuli?

Answer 50

- Hearing and Equilibrium Hair Cells (Inner Ear) - Photoreceptors (retina) - Gustatory receptors (Taste Buds)