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A&P I IPAP 3-17 > Exam 7 Special Senses 70X > Flashcards

Exam 7 Special Senses 70X Flashcards

1
Q

What is the conscious or subconscious awareness of external or internal stimuli?

A

Sensation

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2
Q

Impulses that reach the thalamus provide what type of awareness of the sensation?

A

Crude awareness of location and type of sensation

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3
Q

Impulses that reach the cerebral cortex enable type of awareness of the sensation?

A

Precise location of the stimulus, as well as type of stimulus

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4
Q

What is the conscious awareness and interpretation of the meaning of sensations?

A

Perception

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5
Q

There is no perception of sensory impulses that do not reach what?

A

Thalamus and cerebral cortex

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6
Q

What is a sensory modality?

A

Unique type of sensation:

  • Touch
  • Pain
  • Vision
  • Hearing
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7
Q

An individual sensory neuron will carry information for how many modalities?

A

Only ONE type of Modality

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8
Q

What are the two classes the sensory modalities are grouped?

A

General Senses

Special Senses

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9
Q

What senses are included into the General Senses class?

A

Somatic Senses

Visceral Senses

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10
Q

What modalities are included in the General Senses class?

A
  • Tactile Sensations: Touch, Pressure, Vibration, Itch, Tickle
  • Thermal Sensations: Warm, Cold, Hot
  • Pain Sensations
  • Proprioceptive Sensations
  • Dynamic Sensations: movements of limbs and head
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11
Q

What sensation provides information about conditions within internal organs?

A

Visceral Sensations (of the General Sense Class)

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12
Q

Visceral sensation is usually not appreciated at what level of awareness?

A

Conscious level of awareness (other than as “feeling good” or “feeling bad”)

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13
Q

What modalities are included in the Special senses class?

A 
Smell
Taste
Vision
Hearing
Equilibrium
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14
Q

What are the two different kinds of graded potentials that are produced by sensory receptors?

A

Generator Potentials
Receptor Potentials
(Amplitude of both types varies directly w/intensity of stimulus)

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15
Q

Generator potential are produced by dendrites of what?

A
  • Free Nerve Endings
  • Encapsulated Nerve Endings
  • Receptive Part of Olfactory Receptors
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16
Q

Most sensory receptors exhibit ADAPTATION, which refers to what?

A

Decrease in generator potential or receptor potential amplitude when exposed to continuous constant stimulus over a long term

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17
Q

What causes the perception of a sensation to fade or disappear, even though the true magnitude of the stimulus has not changed?

A

Adaptation (of sensory receptors)

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18
Q

What receptors are rapidly adapting receptors and quickly stop firing in response to a constant stimulus?

A

Meissner’s Corpuscles

Pacinian Corpuscles

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19
Q

What receptors are slowly adapting receptors and continue to fire in response to constant stimulus?

A

Merkel’s disks

Ruffini Endings

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20
Q

What type of sensation arises from stimulation of sensory receptors embedded in the skin or subcutaneous layer, mucous membranes, muscles, tendons, joint, and inner ear.

A

Somatic Sensations

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21
Q

Somatic sensations that arise from stimulating the surface of the skin are termed what?

A

Cutaneous Sensations

22
Q

What are the four modalities of Somatic Sensation?

A

Tactile
Thermal
Pain
Proprioceptive

23
Q

What modalities are included in (or comprise) Tactile Sensations?

A 
Touch
Pressure
Vibration
Itch
Tickle
24
Q

Tactile sensations arise to a great degree by activation of the same structural type of receptor, What type of tactile sensation stimulate Free nerve endings and Encapsulated Nerve Endings?

A 
Free Nerve Endings:
-Itch
-Tickle
Encapsulated Nerve Endings:
-Touch
-Pressure
-Vibration
25
Q

Touch sensations are usually due to stimulation of what?

A

Tactile receptors in the skin or subcutaneous layer

26
Q

What kind of touch: is the ability to perceive that something has contacted the skin, but its location, shape, size, and texture can not be ascertained

A

Crude Touch

27
Q

Define: Fine Touch

A

Specific information about the location touched, and shape, size, and texture of the source of stimulation

28
Q

What sensation is interpreted from sustained sensation felt over a larger area than touch occurring w/ deformation of deeper tissues than does touch? What does this mean for these receptors?

A

Pressure

-Pressure receptors can be deeper

29
Q

What receptors are free nerve endings found in every tissue of the body except the brain?

A

Pain Receptors

30
Q

What term is used for Pain receptors? What type of adaptation do they have?

A

Nociceptors

-Exhibit very little adaptation

31
Q

Nociceptors can be activated by what?

A

Intense thermal, mechanical, or chemical stimuli

32
Q

What chemicals are release by irritated or injured tissue in which stimulate nociceptors?

A

Kinins
Prostaglandins
Potassium Ions

33
Q

What are the two types of pain? What are these differentiated based on?

A

Types: Fast and Slow
Differentiated:
-Types of nerve fibers that propagate impulses (speed of propagation)
-Where in the body the particular type of pain can occur

34
Q

What pain is propagated along medium-diameter, myelinated A fibers, not felt in deeper tissues of the body, and perception of pain occurs very rapidly?

A

Fast Pain

35
Q

Fast Pain is also termed what?

A

Acute Pain
Sharp Pain
Pricking Pain

36
Q

What are some examples of what would cause fast pain?

A

Needle Puncture

Knife Cut

37
Q

What pain is propagated along small-diameter, unmyelinated C Fibers, felt in both the skin, deeper tissues of the body, and internal organs, Perception occurs a second or more after stimulus is applied?

A

Slow Pain

Ex: Toothache

38
Q

Slow Pain is also termed what?

A 
Chronic Pin
Burning Pain
Aching Pain
Throbbing Pain
(May be excruciating)
39
Q

What is Selectivity? (Regarding a neuron)

A

Sensory receptors specialize and monitor one (and only one) type of stimulus to which it is sensitive
((Sensory receptors comprise either specialized cells or dendrites of a sensory neuron))

40
Q

`The process of a sensory receptor converting stimulus energy into electrical energy, in which the sensory puts out a graded potential w/varying amplitude depending on the strength of the stimulus, is called what?

A

Transduction

41
Q

What is a first-order neuron?

A

Sensory neurons that conduct impulses from the PNS into the CNS

42
Q

The CNS has specific regions that receive and integrate sensory impulses, where are Conscious sensations or perceptions integrated into?

A

Cerebral Cortex

43
Q

In what ways are Sensory Receptors Classified?

A
  • Microscopic Appearance
  • Origin of Stimuli and Consequent location of receptor
  • Type of Stimulus detected
44
Q

What are the different Classifications by Microscopic Appearance for Sensory Receptors Nerves?

A
  • Free Nerve Ending
  • Encapsulated Nerve Endings
  • Separate Cells
45
Q

Which nerve ending have the microscopic appearance of bare dendrites, no structural specialization microscopically?

A

Free Nerve Endings

46
Q

Free Nerve Endings are involved in sensory of what types of stimuli?

A 
Pain
Thermal
Tickle
Itch
Some Touch
47
Q

What Nerve endings have a microscopic appearance in which the dendrites are enclosed in connective tissue capsules which enhances sensitivity or specificity of the receptor?

A

Encapsulated Nerve Endings

48
Q

Encapsulated Nerve Endings are involved in sensory of what types of stimuli?

A
  • Pressure & Vibration (Lamellated)

- Touch (Meisner) (Some)

49
Q

What Nerve endings classification falls into the special senses and in which specialized cell synapses w/first-order sensory neuron?

A

Separate Cells

50
Q

Separate Cells of the special senses are involved in sensory of what types of stimuli?

A
  • Hearing and Equilibrium Hair Cells (Inner Ear)
  • Photoreceptors (retina)
  • Gustatory receptors (Taste Buds)

A&P I IPAP 3-17 (16 decks)

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