Exam 4 Regional Anatomy; Head & Neck Flashcards by Christopher Waller

The Skull is composed of how many bones?

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The skull consists of what two sections?

Cranial Bones (Neurocranium, Cranium, Cranial Vault)
Facial Bones (Facial Skeleton)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is the only Moveable bone of the skull other than the ear ossicles?

Mandible

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The Neurocranium (Crainal Vault) Provides what?

Case for the brain, Cranial meninges, cranial nerves, & associated structures

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The Facial Skeleton may also be called?

Viscerocranium or Splanchnocranium

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What bones form the Neurocranium in an adult?

Frontal Bone -1
Parietal Bones -2
Temporal Bones -2
Occipital Bone -1
Sphenoid Bone -1
Ethmoid Bone -1

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

How are most bones of the Neurocranium united?

Fibrous Interlocking Sutures

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is the space in the skull within the neurocranium occupied by the brain & broadly speaking bounded by the Calvaria & Basicranium?

Cranial Vault

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is the Calvaria (Skullcap)?

Domelike roof of the cranium

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What makes up the Calvaria?

Superior portions of Frontal Bone
Occipital Bone
Parietal Bones

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is the Basicranium?

(Cranial Base) Floor of the cranium

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What makes up the Basicranium?

Occipital
Sphenoid
Temporal (Petrous portion)
Vomer
Palatine(s)
Portion of Maxillae

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are the functions of the Cranial Bones?

Protect Brain
House Ear Ossicles
Muscle Attachment for Jaw, Neck, & facial Muscles

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are the functions of the Facial Bones?

Protect Delicate Sense Organs

- Support entrances to Digestive & Respiratory System

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Which bone forms the roof of the orbits, supraorbital margin, frontal sinus, & anterior cranial floor?

Frontal Bone

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

By what age is the Frontal suture gone?

6yrs

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is it called if the frontal suture does not close?

Metopic Suture

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What bone forms the sides & roof of the cranial cavity?

Parietal

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What bone is the zygomatic process, external auditory meatus, mastoid process, styloid process, and Temporal squama on?

Temporal

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The mandibular fossa, & petrous portion are found on which bone?

Temporal

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The Mandibular fossa & Mandible articulate to form what joint?

Temporomandibular Joint

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What nerve passes through the Stylomastoid Foramen?

Facial Nerve (CN-VII)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is significant about the petrous portion of the Temporal Bone?

Houses the components of the inner ear & conveys the Vestibulocochlear Nerve (CN-VIII)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What Foramen are found on the Temporal Bone?

Stylomastoid Foramen (CN-VII)
Carotid Foramen (Carotid Artery)
Jugular Foramen (Jugular Vein)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is the attachment site for the Ligamentum Nuchae?

External Occipital Protuberance on the Occipital Bone

On which bone are the Superior & Inferior Nuchal Lines located?

Occipital Bone

What are some key structural aspects of the Occipital Bone & what is the significance?

- Foramen Magnum: Spinal Cord pass through to spinal Column | - Occipital Condyles: Form joint with 1st Cervical Vertebra

Which bone is considered the Keystone bone because it articulates with all other cranial bones?

Sphenoid Bone (Located in the middle part of the base of the skull)

What is the name of the attachment site for some of the muscles that move the mandible & are found on the Sphenoid Bone?

Pterygoid Processes

What is the name of the muscles that connect to the Pterygoid Processes?

Lateral Pterygoid Muscles | Medial Pterygoid Musces

What portion of the Sphenoid Bone forms the anterolateral floor of the cranium & lateral part of the skull & can be viewed externally?

Grater wings

What is the shape of the body of the Sphenoid Bone & what does it hold?

Cubelike | Holds: Sphenoid Sinuses

What portion of the Sphenoid Bone forms the posterior part of the orbit of the eye & part of the cranium floor?

Lesser wings

What foramen are found passing through the Sphenoid Bone?

Optic Foramen Foramen Rotundum Foramen Ovale Foramen Spinosum

What passes through the Optic Foramen?

``` Optic Nerve (CN-II) Ophthalmic Artery ```

What passes through the Foramen Spinosum?

Meningeal Branch of Mandibular Nerve Middle Meningeal Artery Middle Meningeal Vein

What does the Mnemonic for Trigeminal Nerve Foramina "Standing Room Only" relating to the Sphenoid Bone stand for?

Standing: SUPERIOR ORBITAL FISSURE (V1) Room: FORAMEN ROTUNDUM (V2) Only: FORAMEN OVALE (V3)

The Superior Orbital Fissure is the passageway for what Nerves?

``` Oculomotor Nerve (CN-III) Trochlear Nerve (CN-IV) Ophthalmic Branch (V1) of Trigeminal Nerve (CN-V) Abducens Nerve (CN-VI) ```

What passes through the Foramen Rotundum?

Maxillary Branch (V2) of Trigeminal Nerve (CN-V)

What passes through the Foramen Ovale?

Mandibular Branch (V3) of Trigeminal Nerve (CN-V)

What are the names of the structures of the Sphenoid Bone that make up the Sella Turcica?

``` Tuberculum Sellae (Anterior Ridge) Hypophyseal Fossa (Central Depression) Dorsum Sellae (Posterior Ridge) ```

What is the importance of the Sella Turcica?

Holds the Pituitary Gland

What bone forms part of the anterior portion of the cranial floor, medial wall of the orbits, superior portion of the nasal septum & most of the superior side walls of the nasal cavity?

Ethmoid Bone

What Bone is the major superior supporting structure of the nasal cavity?

Ethmoid Bone

What is the name of the Cranial Nerve & the name of the Foramina in which it passes that is found on the Ethmoid Bone?

``` Olfactory Nerve (CN-I) Olfactory Foramina ```

What attaches to the Crista Galli of the Ethmoid Bone?

Falx Cerebri (Dura Mater Subdivision that separates the right & left cerebral hemispheres)

How many bones make up the Facial Skeleton?

Name the 14 bones that make up the Facial Skeleton?

``` Lacrimal Bones -2 Nasal Bones -2 Maxillae -2 Zygomatic Bones -2 Palatine Bones -2 Inferior Nasal Conchae -2 Mandible -1 Vomer -1 ```

What type (shape) do the facial bones have

Irregularly shaped bones

What Bones house the teeth?

Maxillae & Mandible

What bone forms the skeleton of the upper jaw and is fixed to the cranial base?

Maxillae

What bone forms the skeleton of the lower jaw and is moveable?

Mandible

What is the name of the processes of the maxillae & mandible that comprise the alveoli (sockets) supporting bone that house the maxillary teeth & mandibular teeth?

Alveolar Processes

Which bone makes up the floor of the orbits & nasal cavity (hard palate) & houses the Maxillary sinus?

Maxillary Bones

What opening found on the Maxillary Bones transmits the infraorbital artery & vein and the infraorbital nerve (branch of maxillary nerve)?

Infraorbital foramen

Non-union of the maxillary bone results in what?

Cleft Palate

What facial bone makes up the cheekbones and the lateral wall of the orbits along with the sphenoid?

Zygomatic Bones

What bones together form the Zygomatic Arch?

Zygomatic Bone | Temporal Bone

What does the Lacrimal Bones form & what do they house?

Medial wall of Orbits | Lacrimal Sac in the Lacrimal Fossa

What bone has the same function as the Superior conchae but is not involved in sense of smell?

Inferior Nasal Concha (Turbinate)

What bone will you find the Condylar Process, Coronoid Process, and has a body, angle, & ramus?

Mandible

What Foramen are found on the mandible?

Mandibular Foramen | Mental Foramen

What is the significance of the Mandibular Foramen?

- Inferior Alveolar Nerve (Branch of Mandibular Nerve [V2] of the Trigeminal Nerve [CN-V]) transits through it. - Site of local anesthesia used by dentists & physicians

Name the bone that is "L-Shaped" (or Ls back-to back or upside-down T) that forms posterior aspect of the hard palate & other end forms part of the orbit?

Palatine Bones

Which bone is the posterior part of the nasal septum?

Vomer

What forms the Nasal Septum?

Vomer Bone Perpendicular Plate of ethmoid bone Septal Cartilage

What is described as a lateral deflection of the septum from the midline?

Deviated Nasal Septum

What is a development abnormality (cause) of deviated nasal septum?

Improper fusion of septal bones & cartilage

Name the bones that form the Orbits (eye socket)?

``` Frontal Roof Sphenoid Roof & Lateral Wall & Medial Wall Maxillary Floor & Medial Wall Zygomatic Floor & Lateral Wall Palatine Floor Ethmoid Medial Wall Lacrimal Medial Wall ```

Name the Foramina associated with each orbit?

``` Optic Foramen Superior Orbital Fissure Inferior Orbital Fissure Supraorbital Foramen Lacrimal Fossa ```

What are the names of the sutures that are of primary importance?

Coronal Sagittal Lambdoidal Squamous

What suture unites the parietal bone and occipital bone?

Lambdoid Suture

What suture unites the parietal bones?

Sagittal Suture

Which suture unites the frontal bones and both parietal bones?

Coronal suture

What suture unites the parietal & temporal bones?

Squamous suture

What are dense connective tissue membrane-filled spaces between the cranial bones of fetuses & infants & do not ossify until early in a child's life?

Fontanels

Name the major fontanels?

Anterior Posterior Anterolaterals Posterolaterals

What are the major functions of fontanels?

- Enable fetal skull to modify size & shape as it passes through birth canal - Permit rapid growth of the brain

What is the general term for the cavities in the bones of the skull that communicate with the nasal cavity & are lined by mucous membranes?

Paranasal Sinuses

The paranasal sinus cavities also serve what other functions?

- Lighten the skull | - Resonating chambers for speech

Name the paranasal sinuses?

Frontal Sphenoidal Ethmoidal Maxillary

What is the term used to describe when the paranasal sinus membranes become inflamed due to infection or allergy?

Sinusitis

Name the Muscles of Mastication (move the mandible)?

Masseter Temporalis Medial & Lateral Pterygoids

What nerve innervates the muscles of mastication?

Mandibular Branch (V3) of the Trigeminal Nerve (CN-V)

Which muscle(s) is/are responsible for elevating the mandible as in biting?

Temporalis | Masseter

Which muscle of mastication is responsible for retracting the mandible?

Temporalis

What is the only muscle of mastication to depress the mandible (open jaw)?

Lateral pterygoid

What muscles assist the lateral Pterygoid in depressing the mandible (open jaw)?

Digastric Mylohyoid Geniohyoid

The Lateral Pterygoid can also move the mandible in what direction?

Protract

What movement of the mandible does the Medial Pterygoid provide?

Elevates Mandible | Protracts Mandible

What muscles make it possible to move the jaw side-to-side?

Medial Pterygoid | Lateral Pterygoid

What are the main muscles that move the tongue in various directions?

Genioglossus (inside tip of mandible) Styloglossus (Styloid proess) Palatoglossus (Hard Palate Hypoglossus (Hyoid Bone)

Which muscle is responsible for causing the tongue to fall posteriorly blocking the airway?

Genioglossus Muscle

What nerve innervates all muscles of facial expression?

Facial Nerve (CN-VII)

What is Bell's Palsy?

Facial Paralysis; idiopathic, but often follows exposure to cold

Name the Branches of the facial nerve (CN-VII) that provide innervation to each facial muscle?

``` Temporal Zygomatic Buccal Marginal Mandibular Cervical ```

The terminal branches of CN VII (name it?) arise from the what plexus which is located where & the branches radiate in what direction?

- CN-VII: Facial Nerve - Parotid Plexus within the Parotid Gland - Radiate anteriorly

What are two of the more distant muscles that the Facial Nerve innervates with its terminal branches?

Occipitofrontalis | Platysma

Which muscle, which is not a muscle of facial expression, Opens the eye?

Levator Palpebrae

What Muscle elevates (raises) the eyebrows & wrinkles the skin of the forehead horizontally (look of surprise)?

Occipitofrontalis

The Occipitofrontalis is innervated by which nerve?

Temporal Branch of Facial Nerve (CN-VII)

What Muscle draws the angle of the mouth superiorly & laterally (smiling)?

Zygomaticus Major

What Muscle raises (elevates) upper lip, Exposing Maxillary Teeth?

Zygomaticus Minor

The Zygomaticus Major & Zygomaticus Minor are innervated by which nerve?

Zygomatic Branch & Buccal Branch of Facial Nerve (CN-VII)

What muscle is responsible for Raising (elevates) the upper lip?

Levator Labii Superioris

The Levator Labii Superioris is innervated by which nerve?

Zygomatic Branch of Facial Nerve (CN-VII)

What muscle depresses (lowers) the lower lip?

Depressor labii Inferioris

The Depressor labii Inferioris is innervated by which nerve?

Marginal Mandibular Branch of Facial Nerve (CN-VII)

What muscle draws the angle of the mouth laterally & inferiorly?

Depressor anguli oris

The Depressor anguli oris is innervated by which nerve?

Marginal Mandibular Branch of Facial Nerve (CN-VII)

Which muscle presses the cheeks against teeth & lips (whistling, blowing, sucking), draws corners of the mouth laterally & assists in mastication by keeping food between the teeth (not between teeth & cheeks)?

Buccinator

The Buccinator is innervated by which nerve?

Buccal Branch of Facial Nerve (CN-VII)

Which muscle closes & protrudes the lips; Compresses the lips against the teeth & shapes the lips during speech?

Orbicularis Oris

The Orbicularis Oris is innervated by which nerve?

Buccal Branch of Facial Nerve (CN-VII)

Which muscle draws the angle of the mouth laterally (Grimacing)?

Risorius

The Risorius is innervated by which nerve?

Buccal Branch of Facial Nerve (CN-VII)

Which muscle elevates & protrudes the lower lip & pulls up the skin of the chin (pouting)?

Mentalis

The Mentalis is innervated by which nerve?

Marginal Mandibular Branch of Facial Nerve (CN-VII)

Which muscle draws the outer part of the lower lip inferiorly & posteriorly as in pouting & DEPRESSES the mandible?

Platysma

The Platysma is innervated by which nerve?

Cervical Branch of Facial Nerve (CN-VII)

Which muscle closes & squints the eye (orbital part), depresses upper eyelid & elevates lower eyelid (palpebral part)?

Orbicularis Oculi

The Orbicularis Oculi is innervated by which nerve?

Temporal Branch & Zygomatic Branch of Facial Nerve (CN-VII)

Which muscle draws the eyebrow inferiorly & medially, wrinkles the skin of the forehead vertically (frowning)?

Corrugator supercilii

Which nerve innervates the Corrugator supercilii?

Temporal Branch of Facial Nerve (CN-VII)

What provides cutaneous sensory innervation of the head & face?

``` Trigeminal Nerve (CN-V) Branches V1= Ophthalmic V2= Maxillary V3= Mandibular ```

Which nerves provide cutaneous innervation of the posterior of the head and area inferior to the ear? They arise from where?

``` Greater Occipital (Posterior, Spinal nerve) Lesser Occipital (Posterior lateral, Spinal nerve) Great auricular (inferior to ear, cervical plexus) ```

Dermatome of the Face is covered by which nerve?

CN-V (Trigeminal Nerve) Sensory

Which dermatome covers the posterior head to the Occipital protuberance?

This dermatome is often referred to as the Gentleman's Collar?

What are the layers of the scalp superficial to deep?

- Skin (epithelial tissue & dense irregular connective tissue) - (subcutaneous) Connective tissue (hypodermis) - Aponeurosis (epicranial aponeurosis)\ - Loose connective tissue (Loose Areolar Connective Tissue-- "Danger Space") - Pericranium

Which layers of the scalp are intimately connected & move as a unit, such as when wrinkling the forehead & moving the scalp?

Skin, Connective Tissue, Aponeurosis (First 3 layers)

Why is the Loose Connective Tissue layer of the Scalp considered the danger zone?

Sponge like allows pus, blood, or infection to build and spread easily (can pass into cranial cavity via emissary veins that pass through parietal foramina in the calvaria)

What type of tissue is the pericranium made up of and this later forms what?

Dense irregular connective tissue | Forms: External periosteum of the Calvaria

Which bone that is part of the axial skeleton does not articulate with any other bone?

Hyoid Bone

What does the Hyoid Bone consist of?

Horizontal Body Paired Projections Lesser & Greater Horns

What bone supports the tongue, neck, & pharyngeal muscles?

Hyoid Bone

Which muscle when contracted causes the cervical vertebrae to flex (chin to manubrium) & extends head (thrust chin forward, keeping head level)?

Sternocleidomastoid Muscle

What occurs when a single Sternocleidomastoid Muscle is contracted?

Laterally flexes the neck & rotates face in opposite direction

Which nerve innervates the Sternocleidomastoid Muscle & the Trapezius Muscle?

Accessory Nerve (CN-XI) (AKA spinal accessory)

What region lies in the area inferior to the occipital region of the head?

Suboccipital Region (Triangular area)

What are the muscles in the Suboccipital Region that are mainly postural muscles, causing combination of flexion, extension, lateral bending, and/or rotation at the atlanto-occipital & atlanto-axial joints?

``` Rectus Capitis (Posterior) Major & Minor Superior & Inferior Obliquus Capitis (aka Oblique) ```

What two groups of muscles stabilize the hyoid bone, allowing it to serve as a firm base for the tongue to move on?

Suprahyoid Muscles: Superior to hyoid | Infrahyoid Muscles:

What muscles make up the Suprahyoid Group of muscles?

Digastric Stylohyoid Mylohyoid Geniohyoid

The Suprahyoid Muscle group serves what functions?

Elevate the hyoid bone, floor of the oral cavity, & tongue during swallowing

Which muscle is used to open the mouth and extends from mandible to mastoid process?

Digastric Muscle

Which muscle supports the floor of the mouth & elevates hyoid bone during swallowing; extending from hyoid to mandible?

Mylohyoid Muscle

Which muscles elevate the hyoid bone during swallowing?

Stylohyoid & Geniohyoid

Which muscles make up the infrahyoid muscle group?

Omohyoid Sternohyoid Sternothyroid Thyrohyoid

What is another name the infrahyoid muscles are sometime referred to as?

"Strap" Muscles (due to strap like appearance)

What do the infrahyoid muscles do?

Depress the hyoid bone & some move the larynx during swallowing & speech

What muscle group is innervated by cervical spinal nerves (C3-C8), attach cervical vertebrae to uppermost ribs, flex, laterally flex, & rotate the head, and participate in forced inspiration?

Scalene Muscle Group

Name the muscles of inhalation?

Sternocleidomastoid Scalenes External Intercostals Diaphragm

Name the muscles of exhalation?

``` Internal Intercostals External Oblique Internal Oblique Transversus Abdominis Rectus Abdominis ```