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A&P I IPAP 3-17 > Exam 4 Regional Anatomy; Head & Neck > Flashcards

Exam 4 Regional Anatomy; Head & Neck Flashcards

1
Q

The Skull is composed of how many bones?

A

22

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2
Q

The skull consists of what two sections?

A 
Cranial Bones (Neurocranium, Cranium, Cranial Vault)
Facial Bones (Facial Skeleton)
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3
Q

What is the only Moveable bone of the skull other than the ear ossicles?

A

Mandible

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4
Q

The Neurocranium (Crainal Vault) Provides what?

A

Case for the brain, Cranial meninges, cranial nerves, & associated structures

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5
Q

The Facial Skeleton may also be called?

A

Viscerocranium or Splanchnocranium

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6
Q

What bones form the Neurocranium in an adult?

A
  • Frontal Bone -1
  • Parietal Bones -2
  • Temporal Bones -2
  • Occipital Bone -1
  • Sphenoid Bone -1
  • Ethmoid Bone -1
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7
Q

How are most bones of the Neurocranium united?

A

Fibrous Interlocking Sutures

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8
Q

What is the space in the skull within the neurocranium occupied by the brain & broadly speaking bounded by the Calvaria & Basicranium?

A

Cranial Vault

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9
Q

What is the Calvaria (Skullcap)?

A

Domelike roof of the cranium

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10
Q

What makes up the Calvaria?

A
  • Superior portions of Frontal Bone
  • Occipital Bone
  • Parietal Bones
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11
Q

What is the Basicranium?

A

(Cranial Base) Floor of the cranium

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12
Q

What makes up the Basicranium?

A
  • Occipital
  • Sphenoid
  • Temporal (Petrous portion)
  • Vomer
  • Palatine(s)
  • Portion of Maxillae
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13
Q

What are the functions of the Cranial Bones?

A
  • Protect Brain
  • House Ear Ossicles
  • Muscle Attachment for Jaw, Neck, & facial Muscles
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14
Q

What are the functions of the Facial Bones?

A
  • Protect Delicate Sense Organs

- Support entrances to Digestive & Respiratory System

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15
Q

Which bone forms the roof of the orbits, supraorbital margin, frontal sinus, & anterior cranial floor?

A

Frontal Bone

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16
Q

By what age is the Frontal suture gone?

A

6yrs

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17
Q

What is it called if the frontal suture does not close?

A

Metopic Suture

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18
Q

What bone forms the sides & roof of the cranial cavity?

A

Parietal

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19
Q

What bone is the zygomatic process, external auditory meatus, mastoid process, styloid process, and Temporal squama on?

A

Temporal

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20
Q

The mandibular fossa, & petrous portion are found on which bone?

A

Temporal

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21
Q

The Mandibular fossa & Mandible articulate to form what joint?

A

Temporomandibular Joint

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22
Q

What nerve passes through the Stylomastoid Foramen?

A

Facial Nerve (CN-VII)

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23
Q

What is significant about the petrous portion of the Temporal Bone?

A

Houses the components of the inner ear & conveys the Vestibulocochlear Nerve (CN-VIII)

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24
Q

What Foramen are found on the Temporal Bone?

A 
Stylomastoid Foramen (CN-VII)
Carotid Foramen (Carotid Artery)
Jugular Foramen (Jugular Vein)
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25
Q

What is the attachment site for the Ligamentum Nuchae?

A

External Occipital Protuberance on the Occipital Bone

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26
Q

On which bone are the Superior & Inferior Nuchal Lines located?

A

Occipital Bone

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27
Q

What are some key structural aspects of the Occipital Bone & what is the significance?

A
  • Foramen Magnum: Spinal Cord pass through to spinal Column

- Occipital Condyles: Form joint with 1st Cervical Vertebra

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28
Q

Which bone is considered the Keystone bone because it articulates with all other cranial bones?

A

Sphenoid Bone (Located in the middle part of the base of the skull)

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29
Q

What is the name of the attachment site for some of the muscles that move the mandible & are found on the Sphenoid Bone?

A

Pterygoid Processes

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30
Q

What is the name of the muscles that connect to the Pterygoid Processes?

A

Lateral Pterygoid Muscles

Medial Pterygoid Musces

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31
Q

What portion of the Sphenoid Bone forms the anterolateral floor of the cranium & lateral part of the skull & can be viewed externally?

A

Grater wings

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32
Q

What is the shape of the body of the Sphenoid Bone & what does it hold?

A

Cubelike

Holds: Sphenoid Sinuses

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33
Q

What portion of the Sphenoid Bone forms the posterior part of the orbit of the eye & part of the cranium floor?

A

Lesser wings

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34
Q

What foramen are found passing through the Sphenoid Bone?

A

Optic Foramen
Foramen Rotundum
Foramen Ovale
Foramen Spinosum

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35
Q

What passes through the Optic Foramen?

A 
Optic Nerve (CN-II)
Ophthalmic Artery
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36
Q

What passes through the Foramen Spinosum?

A

Meningeal Branch of Mandibular Nerve
Middle Meningeal Artery
Middle Meningeal Vein

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37
Q

What does the Mnemonic for Trigeminal Nerve Foramina “Standing Room Only” relating to the Sphenoid Bone stand for?

A

Standing: SUPERIOR ORBITAL FISSURE (V1)
Room: FORAMEN ROTUNDUM (V2)
Only: FORAMEN OVALE (V3)

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38
Q

The Superior Orbital Fissure is the passageway for what Nerves?

A 
Oculomotor Nerve (CN-III)
Trochlear Nerve (CN-IV)
Ophthalmic Branch (V1) of Trigeminal Nerve (CN-V) 
Abducens Nerve (CN-VI)
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39
Q

What passes through the Foramen Rotundum?

A

Maxillary Branch (V2) of Trigeminal Nerve (CN-V)

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40
Q

What passes through the Foramen Ovale?

A

Mandibular Branch (V3) of Trigeminal Nerve (CN-V)

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41
Q

What are the names of the structures of the Sphenoid Bone that make up the Sella Turcica?

A 
Tuberculum Sellae (Anterior Ridge)
Hypophyseal Fossa (Central Depression)
Dorsum Sellae (Posterior Ridge)
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42
Q

What is the importance of the Sella Turcica?

A

Holds the Pituitary Gland

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43
Q

What bone forms part of the anterior portion of the cranial floor, medial wall of the orbits, superior portion of the nasal septum & most of the superior side walls of the nasal cavity?

A

Ethmoid Bone

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44
Q

What Bone is the major superior supporting structure of the nasal cavity?

A

Ethmoid Bone

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45
Q

What is the name of the Cranial Nerve & the name of the Foramina in which it passes that is found on the Ethmoid Bone?

A 
Olfactory Nerve (CN-I)
Olfactory Foramina
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46
Q

What attaches to the Crista Galli of the Ethmoid Bone?

A

Falx Cerebri (Dura Mater Subdivision that separates the right & left cerebral hemispheres)

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47
Q

How many bones make up the Facial Skeleton?

A

14

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48
Q

Name the 14 bones that make up the Facial Skeleton?

A 
Lacrimal Bones -2
Nasal Bones -2
Maxillae -2
Zygomatic Bones -2
Palatine Bones -2
Inferior Nasal Conchae -2
Mandible -1
Vomer -1
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49
Q

What type (shape) do the facial bones have

A

Irregularly shaped bones

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50
Q

What Bones house the teeth?

A

Maxillae & Mandible

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51
Q

What bone forms the skeleton of the upper jaw and is fixed to the cranial base?

A

Maxillae

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52
Q

What bone forms the skeleton of the lower jaw and is moveable?

A

Mandible

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53
Q

What is the name of the processes of the maxillae & mandible that comprise the alveoli (sockets) supporting bone that house the maxillary teeth & mandibular teeth?

A

Alveolar Processes

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54
Q

Which bone makes up the floor of the orbits & nasal cavity (hard palate) & houses the Maxillary sinus?

A

Maxillary Bones

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55
Q

What opening found on the Maxillary Bones transmits the infraorbital artery & vein and the infraorbital nerve (branch of maxillary nerve)?

A

Infraorbital foramen

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56
Q

Non-union of the maxillary bone results in what?

A

Cleft Palate

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57
Q

What facial bone makes up the cheekbones and the lateral wall of the orbits along with the sphenoid?

A

Zygomatic Bones

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58
Q

What bones together form the Zygomatic Arch?

A

Zygomatic Bone

Temporal Bone

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59
Q

What does the Lacrimal Bones form & what do they house?

A

Medial wall of Orbits

Lacrimal Sac in the Lacrimal Fossa

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60
Q

What bone has the same function as the Superior conchae but is not involved in sense of smell?

A

Inferior Nasal Concha (Turbinate)

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61
Q

What bone will you find the Condylar Process, Coronoid Process, and has a body, angle, & ramus?

A

Mandible

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62
Q

What Foramen are found on the mandible?

A

Mandibular Foramen

Mental Foramen

63
Q

What is the significance of the Mandibular Foramen?

A
  • Inferior Alveolar Nerve (Branch of Mandibular Nerve [V2] of the Trigeminal Nerve [CN-V]) transits through it.
  • Site of local anesthesia used by dentists & physicians
64
Q

Name the bone that is “L-Shaped” (or Ls back-to back or upside-down T) that forms posterior aspect of the hard palate & other end forms part of the orbit?

A

Palatine Bones

65
Q

Which bone is the posterior part of the nasal septum?

A

Vomer

66
Q

What forms the Nasal Septum?

A

Vomer Bone
Perpendicular Plate of ethmoid bone
Septal Cartilage

67
Q

What is described as a lateral deflection of the septum from the midline?

A

Deviated Nasal Septum

68
Q

What is a development abnormality (cause) of deviated nasal septum?

A

Improper fusion of septal bones & cartilage

69
Q

Name the bones that form the Orbits (eye socket)?

A 
Frontal         Roof
Sphenoid     Roof & Lateral Wall & Medial Wall
Maxillary       Floor & Medial Wall
Zygomatic    Floor & Lateral Wall
Palatine        Floor
Ethmoid        Medial Wall
Lacrimal        Medial Wall
70
Q

Name the Foramina associated with each orbit?

A 
Optic Foramen
Superior Orbital Fissure
Inferior Orbital Fissure
Supraorbital Foramen 
Lacrimal Fossa
71
Q

What are the names of the sutures that are of primary importance?

A

Coronal
Sagittal
Lambdoidal
Squamous

72
Q

What suture unites the parietal bone and occipital bone?

A

Lambdoid Suture

73
Q

What suture unites the parietal bones?

A

Sagittal Suture

74
Q

Which suture unites the frontal bones and both parietal bones?

A

Coronal suture

75
Q

What suture unites the parietal & temporal bones?

A

Squamous suture

76
Q

What are dense connective tissue membrane-filled spaces between the cranial bones of fetuses & infants & do not ossify until early in a child’s life?

A

Fontanels

77
Q

Name the major fontanels?

A

Anterior
Posterior
Anterolaterals
Posterolaterals

78
Q

What are the major functions of fontanels?

A
  • Enable fetal skull to modify size & shape as it passes through birth canal
  • Permit rapid growth of the brain
79
Q

What is the general term for the cavities in the bones of the skull that communicate with the nasal cavity & are lined by mucous membranes?

A

Paranasal Sinuses

80
Q

The paranasal sinus cavities also serve what other functions?

A
  • Lighten the skull

- Resonating chambers for speech

81
Q

Name the paranasal sinuses?

A

Frontal
Sphenoidal
Ethmoidal
Maxillary

82
Q

What is the term used to describe when the paranasal sinus membranes become inflamed due to infection or allergy?

A

Sinusitis

83
Q

Name the Muscles of Mastication (move the mandible)?

A

Masseter
Temporalis
Medial & Lateral Pterygoids

84
Q

What nerve innervates the muscles of mastication?

A

Mandibular Branch (V3) of the Trigeminal Nerve (CN-V)

85
Q

Which muscle(s) is/are responsible for elevating the mandible as in biting?

A

Temporalis

Masseter

86
Q

Which muscle of mastication is responsible for retracting the mandible?

A

Temporalis

87
Q

What is the only muscle of mastication to depress the mandible (open jaw)?

A

Lateral pterygoid

88
Q

What muscles assist the lateral Pterygoid in depressing the mandible (open jaw)?

A

Digastric
Mylohyoid
Geniohyoid

89
Q

The Lateral Pterygoid can also move the mandible in what direction?

A

Protract

90
Q

What movement of the mandible does the Medial Pterygoid provide?

A

Elevates Mandible

Protracts Mandible

91
Q

What muscles make it possible to move the jaw side-to-side?

A

Medial Pterygoid

Lateral Pterygoid

92
Q

What are the main muscles that move the tongue in various directions?

A

Genioglossus (inside tip of mandible)
Styloglossus (Styloid proess)
Palatoglossus (Hard Palate
Hypoglossus (Hyoid Bone)

93
Q

Which muscle is responsible for causing the tongue to fall posteriorly blocking the airway?

A

Genioglossus Muscle

94
Q

What nerve innervates all muscles of facial expression?

A

Facial Nerve (CN-VII)

95
Q

What is Bell’s Palsy?

A

Facial Paralysis; idiopathic, but often follows exposure to cold

96
Q

Name the Branches of the facial nerve (CN-VII) that provide innervation to each facial muscle?

A 
Temporal
Zygomatic
Buccal
Marginal Mandibular
Cervical
97
Q

The terminal branches of CN VII (name it?) arise from the what plexus which is located where & the branches radiate in what direction?

A
  • CN-VII: Facial Nerve
  • Parotid Plexus within the Parotid Gland
  • Radiate anteriorly
98
Q

What are two of the more distant muscles that the Facial Nerve innervates with its terminal branches?

A

Occipitofrontalis

Platysma

99
Q

Which muscle, which is not a muscle of facial expression, Opens the eye?

A

Levator Palpebrae

100
Q

What Muscle elevates (raises) the eyebrows & wrinkles the skin of the forehead horizontally (look of surprise)?

A

Occipitofrontalis

101
Q

The Occipitofrontalis is innervated by which nerve?

A

Temporal Branch of Facial Nerve (CN-VII)

102
Q

What Muscle draws the angle of the mouth superiorly & laterally (smiling)?

A

Zygomaticus Major

103
Q

What Muscle raises (elevates) upper lip, Exposing Maxillary Teeth?

A

Zygomaticus Minor

104
Q

The Zygomaticus Major & Zygomaticus Minor are innervated by which nerve?

A

Zygomatic Branch & Buccal Branch of Facial Nerve (CN-VII)

105
Q

What muscle is responsible for Raising (elevates) the upper lip?

A

Levator Labii Superioris

106
Q

The Levator Labii Superioris is innervated by which nerve?

A

Zygomatic Branch of Facial Nerve (CN-VII)

107
Q

What muscle depresses (lowers) the lower lip?

A

Depressor labii Inferioris

108
Q

The Depressor labii Inferioris is innervated by which nerve?

A

Marginal Mandibular Branch of Facial Nerve (CN-VII)

109
Q

What muscle draws the angle of the mouth laterally & inferiorly?

A

Depressor anguli oris

110
Q

The Depressor anguli oris is innervated by which nerve?

A

Marginal Mandibular Branch of Facial Nerve (CN-VII)

111
Q

Which muscle presses the cheeks against teeth & lips (whistling, blowing, sucking), draws corners of the mouth laterally & assists in mastication by keeping food between the teeth (not between teeth & cheeks)?

A

Buccinator

112
Q

The Buccinator is innervated by which nerve?

A

Buccal Branch of Facial Nerve (CN-VII)

113
Q

Which muscle closes & protrudes the lips; Compresses the lips against the teeth & shapes the lips during speech?

A

Orbicularis Oris

114
Q

The Orbicularis Oris is innervated by which nerve?

A

Buccal Branch of Facial Nerve (CN-VII)

115
Q

Which muscle draws the angle of the mouth laterally (Grimacing)?

A

Risorius

116
Q

The Risorius is innervated by which nerve?

A

Buccal Branch of Facial Nerve (CN-VII)

117
Q

Which muscle elevates & protrudes the lower lip & pulls up the skin of the chin (pouting)?

A

Mentalis

118
Q

The Mentalis is innervated by which nerve?

A

Marginal Mandibular Branch of Facial Nerve (CN-VII)

119
Q

Which muscle draws the outer part of the lower lip inferiorly & posteriorly as in pouting & DEPRESSES the mandible?

A

Platysma

120
Q

The Platysma is innervated by which nerve?

A

Cervical Branch of Facial Nerve (CN-VII)

121
Q

Which muscle closes & squints the eye (orbital part), depresses upper eyelid & elevates lower eyelid (palpebral part)?

A

Orbicularis Oculi

122
Q

The Orbicularis Oculi is innervated by which nerve?

A

Temporal Branch & Zygomatic Branch of Facial Nerve (CN-VII)

123
Q

Which muscle draws the eyebrow inferiorly & medially, wrinkles the skin of the forehead vertically (frowning)?

A

Corrugator supercilii

124
Q

Which nerve innervates the Corrugator supercilii?

A

Temporal Branch of Facial Nerve (CN-VII)

125
Q

What provides cutaneous sensory innervation of the head & face?

A 
Trigeminal Nerve (CN-V) Branches
V1= Ophthalmic
V2= Maxillary
V3= Mandibular
126
Q

Which nerves provide cutaneous innervation of the posterior of the head and area inferior to the ear? They arise from where?

A 
Greater Occipital (Posterior, Spinal nerve)
Lesser Occipital (Posterior lateral, Spinal nerve)
Great auricular (inferior to ear, cervical plexus)
127
Q

Dermatome of the Face is covered by which nerve?

A

CN-V (Trigeminal Nerve) Sensory

128
Q

Which dermatome covers the posterior head to the Occipital protuberance?

A

C2

129
Q

This dermatome is often referred to as the Gentleman’s Collar?

A

C3

130
Q

What are the layers of the scalp superficial to deep?

A
  • Skin (epithelial tissue & dense irregular connective tissue)
  • (subcutaneous) Connective tissue (hypodermis)
  • Aponeurosis (epicranial aponeurosis)\
  • Loose connective tissue (Loose Areolar Connective Tissue– “Danger Space”)
  • Pericranium
131
Q

Which layers of the scalp are intimately connected & move as a unit, such as when wrinkling the forehead & moving the scalp?

A

Skin, Connective Tissue, Aponeurosis (First 3 layers)

132
Q

Why is the Loose Connective Tissue layer of the Scalp considered the danger zone?

A

Sponge like allows pus, blood, or infection to build and spread easily (can pass into cranial cavity via emissary veins that pass through parietal foramina in the calvaria)

133
Q

What type of tissue is the pericranium made up of and this later forms what?

A

Dense irregular connective tissue

Forms: External periosteum of the Calvaria

134
Q

Which bone that is part of the axial skeleton does not articulate with any other bone?

A

Hyoid Bone

135
Q

What does the Hyoid Bone consist of?

A

Horizontal Body
Paired Projections
Lesser & Greater Horns

136
Q

What bone supports the tongue, neck, & pharyngeal muscles?

A

Hyoid Bone

137
Q

Which muscle when contracted causes the cervical vertebrae to flex (chin to manubrium) & extends head (thrust chin forward, keeping head level)?

A

Sternocleidomastoid Muscle

138
Q

What occurs when a single Sternocleidomastoid Muscle is contracted?

A

Laterally flexes the neck & rotates face in opposite direction

139
Q

Which nerve innervates the Sternocleidomastoid Muscle & the Trapezius Muscle?

A

Accessory Nerve (CN-XI) (AKA spinal accessory)

140
Q

What region lies in the area inferior to the occipital region of the head?

A

Suboccipital Region (Triangular area)

141
Q

What are the muscles in the Suboccipital Region that are mainly postural muscles, causing combination of flexion, extension, lateral bending, and/or rotation at the atlanto-occipital & atlanto-axial joints?

A 
Rectus Capitis (Posterior) Major & Minor  
Superior & Inferior Obliquus Capitis (aka Oblique)
142
Q

What two groups of muscles stabilize the hyoid bone, allowing it to serve as a firm base for the tongue to move on?

A

Suprahyoid Muscles: Superior to hyoid

Infrahyoid Muscles:

143
Q

What muscles make up the Suprahyoid Group of muscles?

A

Digastric
Stylohyoid
Mylohyoid
Geniohyoid

144
Q

The Suprahyoid Muscle group serves what functions?

A

Elevate the hyoid bone, floor of the oral cavity, & tongue during swallowing

145
Q

Which muscle is used to open the mouth and extends from mandible to mastoid process?

A

Digastric Muscle

146
Q

Which muscle supports the floor of the mouth & elevates hyoid bone during swallowing; extending from hyoid to mandible?

A

Mylohyoid Muscle

147
Q

Which muscles elevate the hyoid bone during swallowing?

A

Stylohyoid & Geniohyoid

148
Q

Which muscles make up the infrahyoid muscle group?

A

Omohyoid
Sternohyoid
Sternothyroid
Thyrohyoid

149
Q

What is another name the infrahyoid muscles are sometime referred to as?

A

“Strap” Muscles (due to strap like appearance)

150
Q

What do the infrahyoid muscles do?

A

Depress the hyoid bone & some move the larynx during swallowing & speech

151
Q

What muscle group is innervated by cervical spinal nerves (C3-C8), attach cervical vertebrae to uppermost ribs, flex, laterally flex, & rotate the head, and participate in forced inspiration?

A

Scalene Muscle Group

152
Q

Name the muscles of inhalation?

A

Sternocleidomastoid
Scalenes
External Intercostals
Diaphragm

153
Q

Name the muscles of exhalation?

A 
Internal Intercostals
External Oblique
Internal Oblique
Transversus Abdominis
Rectus Abdominis

A&P I IPAP 3-17 (16 decks)

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