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A&P I IPAP 3-17 > Exam 4 Regional Anatomy; Vascularization Head & Neck; Axial Skeleton > Flashcards

Exam 4 Regional Anatomy; Vascularization Head & Neck; Axial Skeleton Flashcards

1
Q

What are the arteries that furnish blood to the brain? (They are paired)

A
  • Vertebral Arteries

- Internal Carotid Arteries

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2
Q

How many vertebrae are in each of the vertebral regions?

A 
Cervical-- 7
Thoracic-- 12
Lumbar-- 5
Sacrum-- 5 fused
Coccyx-- 4 fused
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3
Q

What are the four normal vertebral curves?

A
  • Cervical & Lumbar (Anteriorly convex curves)

- Thoracic & Sacral (Anteriorly concave curves)

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4
Q

Intervertebral discs are found where?

A

2nd Cervical (axis) to sacrum

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5
Q

What is characterized by an abnormal increase in the thoracic curvature?

A

Kyphosis

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6
Q

Kyphosis may results from what?

A

Erosion of the anterior part of one or more vertebrae (demineralization resulting from osteoporosis)

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7
Q

What is characterized by an anterior rotation of the pelvis at the hip joints producing an abnormal increase in lumbar curvature?

A

Lordosis

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8
Q

What are some associated causes of Lordosis?

A
  • Weakened trunk musculature
  • Late pregnancy
  • Obestity
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9
Q

What is characterized by an abnormal lateral curvature that is accompanied by rotation of the vertebrae?

A

Scoliosis

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10
Q

Which abnormal curvature is the most common deformity in pubertal girls?

A

Scoliosis

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11
Q

This abnormal curvature has the spinous processes turn toward the cavity of the abnormal curvature and the ribs protrude when bending over?

A

Scoliosis

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12
Q

What are the different structural parts of a vertebra?

A

Vertebral processes
Vertebral Arch
Vertebral Body

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13
Q

What is the name of the cervical vertebra that supports the skull and is the first cervical vertebra?

A

Atlas

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14
Q

Which cervical vertebra allows for side-to-side rotation of the head?

A

Axis

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15
Q

What transmits the vertebral arteries?

A

Transverse Foramina

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16
Q

What are the two craniovertebral joints?

A

Atlanto-occipital Joint- (Atlas & Occipital Bone)

Atlantoaxial Joint- (Atlas & Axis)

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17
Q

What type of joint are the craniovertebral joints?

A

Synovial Joint

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18
Q

This is a ring of bone & has the superior facets for the occipital condyles?

A

Atlas

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19
Q

This cervical vertebra has the dens (odontoid) process as the body?

A

Axis

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20
Q

What is the name of the strong ligament extending between right & left tubercles of C1 & holds the dens of C2 against the anterior arch of C1, forming the posterior wall of a socket for the dens?

A

Transverse Ligament

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21
Q

The Thoracic aorta supplies branches to what?

A 
Pericardium
Esophagus
Bronchi
Diaphragm
Intercostal
Chest Muscles
Mammary Gland
Skin
Vertebrae
Spinal Cord
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22
Q

What are the paired arteries that supply blood to the brain?

A

Vertebral Arteries

Internal Carotid Arteries

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23
Q

The vertebral arteries are direct branches of what?

A

Subclavian arteries

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24
Q

What foramina do the Vertebral arteries travel through heading toward the brain and pass through to get to the brain?

A

Travel: Transverse Foramina of the cervical vertebrae
Pass: Foramen Magnum

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25
Q

What do the vertebral arteries unit to form on the inferior posterior part of the brain?

A

Basilar Artery (single) on ventral surface of the pons

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26
Q

What arteries are branches of the common carotid artery and enter the skull through the carotid foramen (Carotid Canal)?

A

Internal Carotid Arteries

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27
Q

The Internal Carotid Arteries & External Carotid Arteries are branches of what?

A

Common carotid arteries (right & left sides)

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28
Q

The internal carotid arteries travel to inferior anterior surface of the brain and contribute to what?

A

Formation of CIRCLE OF WILLIS

-Supply blood to eyeballs & brain

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29
Q

The external carotid arteries supply blood to what structures?

A

Structures of the external skull as branches of maxillary & superficial temporal branches

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30
Q

What is the most important anastomosis in the body that connects posterior & anterior blood supplies to the brain?

A

Arterial Circle of Willis

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31
Q

What vessels make connections in the Circle of Willis?

A

Basilar Artery (formed from united vertebral arteries) interconnect with branches of the internal carotid arteries

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32
Q

What is the importance of the anastomosis called the Arterial Circle of Willis?

A
  • Control of blood supply to brain when pressure varies in one or more major artery
  • Alternate pathways if blockage or occlusion
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33
Q

Name the foramina and what portion of which bone the internal carotid arteries pass through to get to the cranial cavity?

A

Carotid Foramina (Carotid Canals) in the petrous part of the temporal bones

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34
Q

What vessels drain the head and neck?

A

External Jugular Vein

Internal Jugular Vein

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35
Q

What vessel do the External & Internal Jugular veins take blood to?

A

Superior Vena Cava

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36
Q

Where does the Dural Venous Sinuses empty into?

A

Internal Jugular Vein

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37
Q

Name the groups of Lymph nodes found on the head and neck?

A 
Parotid
Occipital
Retroauricular (Mastoid)
Deep Cervical
Superficial Cervical
Submental (anterior, inferior mandible)
Submandibular (posterior to submental)
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38
Q

The thoracic duct drains lymph into venous blood at what junction?

A

Left Internal Jugular & Left Subclavian Veins

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39
Q

The Right Lymphatic Duct drains lymph into venous blood at what junction?

A

Right Internal Jugular & Right Subclavian Veins

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40
Q

What Plexus is formed from the ventral rami of spinal nerves C1-C5?

A

Cervical Plexus

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41
Q

The cervical plexus supplies nerve innervation of what areas?

A

Skin & Muscles of the Head, Neck, & Upper Shoulders

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42
Q

What other significant nerve arises from the C3-C5 portion of the Cervical plexus? Innervates what?

A

Phrenic Nerve

Innervates the Diaphragm

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43
Q

What nerve branch arising from the Cervical Plexus provides cutaneous innervation of skin of the neck & scalp posterosuperior to the auricle?

A

Lesser Occipital Nerve

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44
Q

What nerve branch arising from the cervical plexus provides cutaneous innervation of skin over the parotid gland, mastoid process, auricle, & area of skin from angle of the mandible to mastoid process (Posterioinferior part of face & inferior part of the auricle)?

A

Great Auricular Nerve

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45
Q

What nerve is a branch of the dorsal primary ramus of spinal nerve C2, not part of the Cervical plexus?

A

Greater Occipital Nerve

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46
Q

Where does the Greater Occipital Nerve arise from & emerges beneath what muscle?

A

Between vertebrae C1 & C2, emerges beneath obliquus capitis inferior muscle

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47
Q

The greater occipital nerve passes through what muscles after it emerges beneath obiquus capitis inferior?

A

Semispinalis Capitis & Trapezius Muscles

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48
Q

What does the Greater Occipital Nerve supply?

A

Skin along posterior scalp to the vertex

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49
Q

Disorders of the Greater Occipital Nerve may cause what? & is brought on (due to) by what reason?

A

Occipital Neuralgias

-Entrapped at the obliquus capitis inferior muscle

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50
Q

What nerve supplies the skin covering the anterior cervical region?

A

Transverse Cervical Nerve

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51
Q

Which nerves supply the skin over the shoulder?

A

Supraclavicular Nerves

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52
Q

Which nerve provides motor innervation of the infrahyoid muscles, Omohyoid, Sternohyoid, Sternothyroid?

A

Ansa Cervicalis

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53
Q

Which nerve provides motor innervation of the infrahyoid muscle, Thyrohyoid?

A

Hypoglossal Nerve (CN-XII)

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54
Q

Which muscles are the TMJ Muscles?

A

Temporal
Masseter
Lateral Pterygoid
Medial Pterygoid

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55
Q

Which triangle has the occipital triangle and Subclavian triangle in it?

A

Posterior Triangle

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56
Q

What separates the occipital triangle from the subclavian triangle?

A

Omohyoid (inferior belly portion)

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57
Q

What important structures lie within the Occipital Triangle?

A
  • Occipital Artery (for which triangle is named)
  • Accessory Nerve (CN-XI)
  • Cervical Plexus
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58
Q

The Subclavian Triangle contains what important structures?

A

Subclavian Artery & Vein (for which triangle is named)

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59
Q

What other name may the Subclavian Triangle be called?

A

Supraclavicular Triangle

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60
Q

Name the subdivisions of the Anterior Triangle?

A

Submandibular Triangle
Carotid Triangle
Submental Triangle
Muscular Triangle

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61
Q

Which triangle is bounded inferiorly by the body of the hyoid bone, laterally by right & left anterior bellies of digastric muscles & the floor is the two mylohyoid muscles?

A

Submental Triangle

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62
Q

What is contained in the submental triangle?

A

Submental Lymph Nodes

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63
Q

The Submandibular Triangle is the glandular area between what?

A

Inferior border of mandible & anterior & posterior bellies of the digastric muscle

64
Q

What other name may the Submandibular Triangle be called?

A

Digastric Triangle

65
Q

What structure nearly fills the Submandibular Triangle?

A

Submandibular gland

66
Q

What other structures are contained in the Submandibular Triangle?

A

Facial Artery

Facial Vein

67
Q

The Carotid Triangle is a vascular area bounded by what structures?

A

Superior belly of the omohyoid
Posterior belly of Digastric
Anterior border sternocleidomastoid

68
Q

What important structures are contained in the Carotid triangle?

A

Common Carotid (pulse auscultated or palpated here)

  • Internal & External Carotid Arteries
  • Internal Jugular Vein
  • Vagus Nerve
  • Thyroid Gland
  • Larynx
69
Q

The pulse can be auscultated or palpated by compressing it against what?

A

Transverse processes of cervical vertebrae

70
Q

The common carotid divides into the internal & external carotid arteries at what level?

A

Superior border of the thyroid cartilage

71
Q

What deeper structures lie within the Carotid Triangle?

A

Middle Cervical Sympathetic Ganglion
Recurrent Laryngeal nerve
Thyroid branches of inferior thyroid artery

72
Q

The muscular triangle is bounded by what?

A

Superior belly of omohyoid muscle
Anterior border of sternocleidomastoid
Median plane of the neck

73
Q

What is contained in the muscular triangle?

A

Infrahyoid muscles

Viscera of the neck (Thyroid & Parathyroid Glands)

74
Q

What deeper structures lie within the Muscular Triangle?

A

Trachea
Larynx
Thyroid Gland

75
Q

Nerves that “just pass through” an area on their way to innervate a more distal body part are called?

A

Transient Nerves

76
Q

Name two transient nerves within the neck?

A 
Vagus Nerve (CN-X)
Phrenic Nerve
77
Q

Which nerve accompanies the carotid artery & internal jugular vein in the neck on its way to the thorax & abdomen?

A

Vagus Nerve (CN-X)

78
Q

Branches of the Vagus Nerve are found in which triangles?

A

Carotid Triangle

Submandibular Triangle

79
Q

The phrenic nerve transits along what as it heads to innervate the thoracic diaphragm?

A

Anterior Scalene Muscle

80
Q

The most inferior functional intervertebral disc is between?

81
Q

No intervertebral disc is found between?

82
Q

Which primary vertebral Curve is formed during fetal development?

A

Thoracic (Anteriorly Concave Curve)

Sacral Curve

83
Q

Which secondary Vertebral curve forms when a child begins to hold their head erect?

A

Cervical Curve

84
Q

Which secondary Vertebral curve forms when a child begins to walk?

A

Lumbar Curve

85
Q

All curves of the spine are fully developed by what age?

86
Q

What portion of the vertebrae are the weight bearing portion?

A

Body of the vertebrae

87
Q

The vertebral arch has what structures of the vertebrae?

A

Pedicles

Laminae

88
Q

What are the seven processes found on a vertebrae?

A

Transverse -2
Spinous -1
Articular -4

89
Q

All the vertebral foramina together form what?

A

Spinal Canal

90
Q

What is formed from two vertebral notches together?

A

Intervertebral Foramina

91
Q

The seventh cervical vertebrae is called what?

A

Vertebra Prominens

92
Q

The Cervical Vertebrae C3-C6 structural characteristics?

A

Smaller Body
Larger Spinal Canal
Transverse processes: shorter
Transverse foramen for vertebral artery

93
Q

The spinous processes of C2 to C6 are often structurally different in what way?

A

bifid (split in the middle making two)

94
Q

What membrane is the strong superior continuation of the posterior longitudinal ligament across the central atlantoaxial joint through the foramen magnum to the central floor of the cranial cavity?

A

Tectorial Membrane

95
Q

A hangman’s fracture is the colloquial name given to a fracture of what?

A

Both Pedicles of C2 (Axis)

96
Q

What causes a hangman’s fracture?

A

Forcible hyperextension of the head (Large axial load onto C2)

97
Q

Which vertebrae articulate with the ribs?

A

12 Thoracic Vertebrae

98
Q

What are some structural characteristics of the thoracic vertebrae?

A

Larger & stronger Body
Longer Transverse Process
Longer Spinous Process
Facets or demifacets on body for head of rib
Facets on transverse Processes for tubercle of rib

99
Q

The Tubercle of the rib articulates with which portion of the thoracic vertebrae?

A

Transverse Process

100
Q

The thoracic vertebral body articulates with what portion of the rib?

A

Head of the rib

101
Q

What are the largest and strongest vertebrae in the vertebral column?

A

Lumbar Vertebrae (5 Lumbar vertebrae)

102
Q

Which vertebrae have short thick spinous processes and transverse processes?

A

Lumbar Vertebrae

103
Q

Which vertebrae are fused by age 30 and serve as a strong foundation for the pelvic girdle?

A

Sacrum (5 fused)

104
Q

What area of the Sacrum is covered with hyaline cartilage and is the site of the synovial part of the sacroiliac joint? (named derived from resemblance to an ear)

A

Auricular Surface

105
Q

The continuation of the vertebral canal in the sacrum is called what and contains what?

A

Sacral Canal

Nerve Roots of Cauda Equina

106
Q

What is formed from the fused rudimentary spinous processes of the Sacrum?

A

Median Sacral Crest

107
Q

What is formed from the fused articular processes of the Sacrum?

A

Medial (Intermediate) Crest

108
Q

What is formed from the fused tips of the transverse processes of the sacral vertebrae?

A

Lateral Sacral Crest

109
Q

What is formed due to the absence of spinous processes and associated laminae on S5 and sometimes S4

A

Sacral hiatus

110
Q

This is the inferior articular process of S5 and is a helpful guide to the location of the sacral hiatus?

A

Sacral Cornu

111
Q

What portion of the vertebrae is formed from the fusion of 4 bone generally by age 30 and is the remnant of the skeleton of the embryonic tail?

112
Q

What are the rudimentary articular processes of the Coccyx called?

A

Coccygeal Cornu

113
Q

What landmarks on the Sacrum and Coccyx are used to place an Epidural or Caudal block?

A

Sacral & Coccygeal Cornu

114
Q

An epidural or caudal block provides anesthesia to what area?

A

Regions innervated by the sacral and Coccygeal nerves (Approx. waist to knees)

115
Q

What permits various movements of the vertebral column, absorbs vertical shock between vertebrae and is a Fibrocartilagenous ring (Anulus Fibrosus) with a pulpy center (Nucleus Pulposus)?

A

Intervertebral Discs

116
Q

What accounts in part for a loss of height during old age?

A

Nuclei Pulposi lose turgor and thin due to dehydration and degeneration

117
Q

What occurs to the intervertebral disc with flexion of the vertebral column?

A

Nucleus Pulposus: Pushed posteriorly toward thinnest part of annulus fibrosus

118
Q

What may occur with degeneration of the posterior longitudinal ligament and wearing of the annulus?

A

Nucleus pulposus may herniate into the vertebral canal

Compress spinal cord or nerve roots

119
Q

What is the most commonly ruptured intervertebral disc?

A

C5/C6 (compresses spinal nerve roots C6) &

C6/C7 (compresses spinal nerve roots C7)

120
Q

Intervertebral disc protrusion within the cervical spine may cause what symptoms?

A

Pain in Neck, Shoulder, arm, & hand

121
Q

Hyperextension of the neck may result in what injury?

A

stretch or tearing of Anterior Longitudinal Ligament

122
Q

What is a common cause of hyperextension injuries of the neck?

A

Rear-end collision (Whiplash)

123
Q

What is the name of the plane synovial joint between the superior and inferior articular processes (vertebral arches) of adjacent vertebrae?

A

Zygapophysial joint (facet joint)

124
Q

Zygapophysial joints are surrounded by what? These are especially thin and loose in the cervical region

A

Articular Capsule (Thin and loose)

125
Q

The Zygapophysial joints permit what?

A

Gliding Movements between vertebrae

126
Q

What purpose do Accessory ligaments of the vertebrae serve?

A
  • Unite the laminae, transverse processes, spinous processes

- Help stabilize the joints

127
Q

If Zygapophysial joints are diseased (osteoarthritis) or injured what may occur?

A
  • Joint is close to intervertebral foramina and spinal nerves may be affected
  • Pain distribution along dermatomes and spasm in muscles derived from associated myotomes
128
Q

What ligament is a broad fibrous band that covers and connect the anterior aspect of vertebral bodies and intervertebral discs and extends from the atlas to the sacrum?

A

Anterior longitudinal ligament

129
Q

The anterior longitudinal ligament serves what purpose?

A
  • Stability of joint between vertebra

- Prevent hyperextension of vertebral column

130
Q

What ligament runs within the vertebral canal along posterior aspect of the vertebral bodies and is supplied with nociceptive nerve endings?

A

Posterior Longitudinal Ligament

131
Q

The posterior longitudinal ligament serves what purpose?

A
  • Prevent Hyperflexion of vertebral column

- Herniation or posterior protrusion of discs

132
Q

What Ligament is a broad, yellow elastic fibrous tissue that joins laminae of adjacent vertebral arches?

A

Ligamenta Flava

133
Q

The Ligamenta Flava serves what purpose?

A
  • Prevent separation of vertebral lamina
  • Arrest abrupt flexion of vertebral column
  • Help prevent injury to intervertebral discs
134
Q

What ligament joins the tips of the spinous processes from C7 to the sacrum?

A

Supraspinous Ligament

135
Q

This is the thickening of the supraspinous ligament in the neck, extending from C7 to the occipital protuberance?

A

Ligamentum Nuchae

136
Q

What provides the blood supply to the vertebrae?

A

A segmental artery

137
Q

Spinal arteries enter the Intervertebral foramina and divide to provide blood to what?

A

Dorsal & ventral roots of spinal nerves & coverings

138
Q

Spinal veins form what to provide venous drainage of the vertebral column?

A
  • Anterior vertebral venous plexus (Internal & external)

- Posterior vertebral venous plexus (internal & external)

139
Q

What vertebral veins are large & tortuous and are in the substance of the vertebral bodies?

A

Basivertebral veins

140
Q

What veins accompany the spinal nerve through the intervertebral foramina and receive blood from the spinal cord and vertebral plexuses?

A

Intervertebral veins

141
Q

The Anterior Internal Plexus and Posterior Internal Plexus together form what venous plexuses?

A

Internal vertebral (Epidural) Plexus

142
Q

What is the clinical significance of the vertebral venous plexus being a valve-less system?

A

Transmit cancer metastases to distant locations that do not lie in the normal venous pathway. i.e. Brain but not the lungs

143
Q

The bony thorax is formed by?

A

Thoracic portion of vertebral column
12 pairs of ribs w/costal cartilages
sternum

144
Q

What function does the bony thorax serve?

A

Protect: Heart, Lungs, Liver, Spleen, etc..
Attachment for muscles of respiration
Produce red bone marrow

145
Q

Name the openings of the Bony thorax?

A
  • Superior Thoracic aperture (bounded by first pair of ribs & sternum)
  • Inferior Thoracic Aperture (Closed by the diaphragm)
146
Q

The vertebrosternal ribs are comprised of what?

A

Ribs 1-7
Costal Cartilage
Attach directly to sternum

147
Q

Which rib has the sharpest curvature and articulates with the manubrium inferior to the clavicle?

148
Q

Which ribs have sternal costal articulations direct to the body of the sternum?

149
Q

The second rib articulates with what?

A

Junction of Manubrium and body of the sternum

150
Q

Which ribs are considered “true ribs”?

151
Q

Ribs 8-10 indirectly articulate with the sternum by joining the costal cartilage of rib 7, these ribs called?

A

Vertebrochondral ribs

152
Q

Ribs 8-10 are also termed what due to the indirect articulation with the sternum?

A

False ribs

153
Q

What is formed by the arrangement of costal cartilages that provide for the indirect articulation of ribs 8-10?

A

Costal Arch

154
Q

These ribs are also false ribs and have no articulation with the sternum or any anterior articulation?

A

Ribs 11 & 12

155
Q

Ribs 11 and 12 are also known as?

A

“Floating ribs”

156
Q

What the is name of the joint that articulates between the xiphoid process and body of the sternum and is a synchondrosis?

A

Xiphisternal joint

157
Q

What type of joints are formed between ribs 6-9?

A

Synovial joints (Synovial plane joints)

A&P I IPAP 3-17 (16 decks)

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