Exam 7 Flashcards
Layers of the cerebral cortex
Molecular External granule External pyramidal Internal granule Internal pyramidal Multiform
Layers 1-4 of cerebral cortex
Supragranular layer
Receives sensory information
1-3 non-specific
4 specific
Layer 5 of cerebral cortex
Contains cell bodies of motor neurons
Pyramidal neurons whose axons constitute the corticosponal, corticobulbar, and corticopontine tracts
Pre-central gyrus of frontal lobe
Broadmann area #4
Primary motor area
Pre-motor area of frontal lobe
Broadmann area #6
Directs the primary motor area in execution of skilled motor activities
Directs movement and planning of movements
Primary motor area of frontal lobe
Origin of corticospinal, corticobulbar, and corticopontine neurons
Supplementary motor area
Planning and initiation of movement
Broca’s motor speech area (frontal lobe)
95% in left hemisphere
Lesion = expressive aphasia
Frontal eye field (frontal lobe)
Posterior medial frontal gyrus
Causes voluntary conjugate CL eye movement
Voluntary conjugate horizontal eye movement
Innervates CL abducens neurons (right frontal eye field causes eyes to rotate left)
Lesion to frontal eye field
Deviation of eyes IL to lesion
Brodmann areas 9, 10, 11, 12
Judgement, rational thinking, projection into the future, social behavior and motivation
Inferior surface of the frontal lobe
Personality, emotions, and behavior
Superior parietal lobule (5,7)
Sensory associational cortex
Astereoagnosis - inability to ID an object by touch
Parts of inferior parietal lobule
Supramarginal gyrus
Angular gyrus
Supramarginal gyrus
Integrates kinesthetic memories with auditory commands
Lesion: ideomotor apraxia - inability to imitate hand gestures
Angular gyrus
Integrates visual, auditory, and tactile information
Lesion: inability to read and write
Paracentral lobule of parietal lobe
Sensory input from CL lower extremity
Post-central gyrus of parietal lobe
1st somesthetic area (primary sensory area)
Brodmann areas 1, 2, 3
Identifies the location of stimulus and size and shape of objects
Superior temporal gyrus
Primary auditory area on superior surface
Wernicke’s area (22)
Lesion in Wernicke’s area
receptive aphasia (unable to understand language)
Inferior surface of temporal lobe
Occipitotemporal gyrus
Visual association
Functions of the Sense of Smell
Increase enjoyment and desire for food
Increase awareness of potentially harmful substances
Communication (pheromones)
Anosmia
Loss of sense of smell
Hyposmia
Decreased sense of smell
Insular lobe
Localization of pain
Thought to provide an emotionally relevant context to sensory experiences
Also known as Island of Reil
Cuneus gyrus of Occipital Lobe
R sees inferior L visual field
Lingual gyrus of Occipital Lobe
R sees superior L visual field
Brodmann area 17 of occipital lobe
Primary visual cortex - located in walls of the calcarine sulcus and adjacent areas of cuneus and lingual gyri
Bordmann areas 18 & 19
Visual association
Macular Degeneration
Degeneration of centrally located photoreceptors
Loss of central vision with increasing difficulty with reading, watching TV or recognizing faces
Cataracts
Deterioration of the lens
Gradual loss of vision with central vision lost first
Glaucoma
Increased intraocular pressure which can compress and cause degeneration of the retina which leads to blindness
Horner’s syndrome
Damage to sympathetic innervation to eye (pupillary dilator muscle or Mueller’s muscle)
Left hemisphere
Handwriting Calculation Intelligence Rationalization Language comprehension Articulation
Right hemisphere
Drawing/artistic Recognition of faces Intuition Gestures Spatial awareness and shapes of objects
Signs and symptoms of UMN Lesions
Hyperreflexia
No/minimal atrophy
Fibrillations
Positive Babinski
