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Anatomy 2 > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Parameters of spinal cord

A

Foramen magnum to L1/L2

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2
Q

Enlargements of spinal cord

A

Cervical C4-T1

Lumbar L2-S2

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3
Q

Meningeal Layers and their parts

A

Dura - subdural space
Arachnoid - subarachnoid space
Pia - denticulate ligaments and filum terminale

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4
Q

Thecal suac

A

Dura and arachnoid together

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5
Q

Epidural space

A

Space between thecal sac and bony vertebral canal. Filled with blood vessels and fat

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6
Q

Parts of the dorsal gray horn

A

Substantia gelatinosa
Lamina
Nucleus proprius

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7
Q

Function of lamina

A

Has transmission cells that transmit sensation of pain/temperature
Origin of contralateral lateral spinothalamic tract

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8
Q

Function of nucleus proprius

A

Origin of CL ventral spinothalamic tract

Transmits general, crude touch

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9
Q

Parts of the ventral gray horn

A

Ventral medial gray horn
Ventral lateral gray horn
Intermediolateral cell column
Dorsal nucleus of Clarke

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10
Q

Function of ventral medial gray horn

A

Motor neurons to trunk musculature

Located all along spinal cord

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11
Q

Function of ventral lateral gray horn

A

Motor neurons to extremities

Located only at cervical and lumbar enlargements

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12
Q

Function of intermediolateral cell column

A

T1-L3 - preganglionic sympathetics

S2-S4 - preganglionic parasympathetics

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13
Q

Function of Dorsal nucleus of Clarke

A

Ipsilateral dorsal spinocerebellar tract

Conscious and unconscious proprioceptive information of LEs

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14
Q

Reciprocal inhibition

A

Inhibit motor neurons of anatagonistic muscle during voluntary motion and reflex testing

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15
Q

Non-reciprocal inhibition

A

Inhibits motor neurons of agonists, antagonists, and synergists throughout the limb to allow smooth movement

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16
Q

Recurrent inhibition

A

Inhibit agonist motor neuron and synergist to allow for controlled movement
Interneuron is known as Renshaw cells

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17
Q

Function of dorsal funiculus

A

Ascending axons that transmit 2 point discrimination, vibration, fine point discriminatory touch and position sense from ipsilateral LQ (gracilus) and UQ (cuneatus)

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18
Q

Fasiculus gracilus

A

Located throughout the spinal cord

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19
Q

Fasciculus cuneatus

A

Located at spinal cord segments T6 and above

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20
Q

Stepping pattern generator (SPG)

A

pools of interneurons coordinating movement. Have both inhibitory and stimulatory

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21
Q

Three descending tracts of lateral funiculus

A

Lateral cortical spinal tract
Raphe spinal tract
Hypothalamospinal tract

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22
Q

Function of lateral cortical spinal tract

A

Descending axons of contralateral pre-motor/pre-central gyri that synapse on motor neurons of extremity muscles
Responsible for fine control of limb musculature (fractionation)

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23
Q

Function of raphe spinal tract

A

Descending axons from brainstem that synapse on neurons in dorsal gray horn to modify pain perception

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24
Q

Function of hypothalamospinal tract

A

Descending axons from hypothalamus to autonomic neurons in the spinal cord

25
Q

Ascending tracts of white matter of spinal cord

A

Dorsal (posterior) spinocerebellar tract

Lateral spinothalamic tract

26
Q

Functions of dorsal (posterior) spinocerebellar tract

A

Receptors: GTO’s, muscle spindles, Ruffini endings
Ascending axons from ipsilateral dorsal nucleus of Clarke
Transmit unconscious and conscious proprioception from ipsilateral lower extremity

27
Q

Functions of lateral spinothalamic tract

A

Neospinothalamic tract: ascending axons from contralateral lamina V (fast, sharp, well localized pain)
Spinolimbic tract: dull, poorly localized pain

28
Q

Parts of ventral funiculus

A

Ventral (medial) corticospinal tract (VCST)

Ventral (anterior) spinothalamic tract

29
Q

Function of Ventral corticospinal tract

A

Desceding axons from ipsilateral pre-motor/pre-central gyri to motor neurons to contralateral trunk/proximal limb musculature (project IL, CL, and bilat)

30
Q

Function of Ventral spinothalamic tract

A

Ascending axons from contralateral nucleus proprius

Transmits general tactile/crude/course touch from contralateral side of body

31
Q

Muscle spindles function

A

Detect changes in length of a muscle

32
Q

Two types of muscle fibers contained in a capsule

A

Nuclear bag fibers (big)

Nuclear chain fibers (slender)

33
Q

Are muscle receptors extrafusal or intrafusal? What does that mean?

A

Intrafusal - actin and myosin at the end and will lengthen when muscle contracts

34
Q

Primary annulospiral sensory innervation (Type IA)

A

Wrap around mid-portion of bags and chains

Respond to sudden changes in length

35
Q

Secondary sensory innervation

A

Wrap around distal end of chains

Respond to slow changes in length

36
Q

Alpha motor neurons

A

Stimulate extrafusal muscle fibers

Actin and myosin are the entire length of the fiber and when stimulate the entire fiber shortens

37
Q

Gamma motor neurons

A

Stimulate intrafusal muscle fibers

Actin and myosin only located at the ends. When stimulated, the entire fiber lengthens

38
Q

Alpha gamma coactivation

A

The spindle (gamma) is lengthening while the muscle fiber (alpha) is shortening. This provides constant feedback to CNS to stimulate alpha motor neurons

39
Q

Monosynaptic reflex

A

1a primary annulospiral sensory neurons (rapid length changes) synapse directly on alpha motor neurons. Stretch of muscle tendon from reflex testing, PNF, or plyo sends a signal to CNS to contract muscle

40
Q

Flexor (withdrawal) reflex

A

Sensory neuron synapses on a pool of interneurons

41
Q

Golgi tendon organs

A

Located at myotendinous junction
Detect tension in the tendon
Connectedin series with extrafusal fibers (when extrafusal fibers contract they lengthen)

42
Q

Sequence of GTO

A

Tension in tendon leads to 1b sensory action potentials. This inhibits the alpha motor neuron to that muscle and stimulates the antagonist

43
Q

Autogenic inhibition

A

Inhibition of alpha motor neurons that innervate the muscle in which the GTO resides

44
Q

Current theory of GTOs in gait

A

Facilitates contraction of gastroc during stance phase of gait and inhibits contraction of gastroc during swing phase of gait

45
Q

Spinal lesion

A

Spinal nerves, dorsal root ganglia, ventral and dorsal roots
Have a myotomal and/or dermatomal distribution

46
Q

Peripheral lesion

A

Nervous tissue outside IV foramen

Have a peripheral nerve distribution

47
Q

Neuropraxia

A

Traumatic myelinopathy
No axonal disruption
Repair within 3 weeks

48
Q

Axonotmesis

A

Traumatic axonopathy
Axon disrupted but no endonerium
Recovery in 6 weeks to 6 months

49
Q

Neurotmesis

A

Severance
Axon and endonerium disrupted
Need surgery
Synkinesis

50
Q

Sequence of sensory loss

A

Large myelinated neurons are affected first (conscious proprioception and fine discriminatory touch, cold sensation, fast (sharp) pain sensation, heat sensation, dull (slow) pain sensation)

51
Q

Response of PNS to injury

A

Wallerian degeneration - disconnected distal stump undergoes swelling, fragmentation, and phagocytosis
Cell body (central chromatolysis) - degenerative changes of cluster of Nissl bodies that can result in cell death
Post-synaptic cell will typically degenerate

52
Q

Paresthesia

A

Painless abnormal sensations such as tingling

53
Q

Dysesthesia

A

Unpleasant abnormal sensations such as shooting or burning

54
Q

Allodynia

A

Pain evoked by stimulus that would not cause pain

55
Q

Secondary hyperalgesia

A

Hypersensitivity to mildly painful stimulus to uninjured tissue

56
Q

Lower motor neuron

A

Alpha motor neuron cell body and its axon

57
Q

Motor unit

A

A lower motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it innervates

58
Q

S/S of lower motor neuron lesions

A 
Flaccid paralysis or weakness 
Diminished/absent reflexes 
Fasciculations 
Atrophy
Sensory loss/paresthesia
59
Q

Clinical signs to detect peripheral neuropathies

A 
Absence of asymmetrical decrease of a reflex 
Impaired pallesthesia 
Impaired proprioception 
Paresthesia 
Muscle weakness

Anatomy 2 (11 decks)

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