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Anatomy 2 > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Parameters of spinal cord

A

Foramen magnum to L1/L2

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2
Q

Enlargements of spinal cord

A

Cervical C4-T1

Lumbar L2-S2

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3
Q

Meningeal Layers and their parts

A

Dura - subdural space
Arachnoid - subarachnoid space
Pia - denticulate ligaments and filum terminale

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4
Q

Thecal suac

A

Dura and arachnoid together

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5
Q

Epidural space

A

Space between thecal sac and bony vertebral canal. Filled with blood vessels and fat

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6
Q

Parts of the dorsal gray horn

A

Substantia gelatinosa
Lamina
Nucleus proprius

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7
Q

Function of lamina

A

Has transmission cells that transmit sensation of pain/temperature
Origin of contralateral lateral spinothalamic tract

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8
Q

Function of nucleus proprius

A

Origin of CL ventral spinothalamic tract

Transmits general, crude touch

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9
Q

Parts of the ventral gray horn

A

Ventral medial gray horn
Ventral lateral gray horn
Intermediolateral cell column
Dorsal nucleus of Clarke

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10
Q

Function of ventral medial gray horn

A

Motor neurons to trunk musculature

Located all along spinal cord

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11
Q

Function of ventral lateral gray horn

A

Motor neurons to extremities

Located only at cervical and lumbar enlargements

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12
Q

Function of intermediolateral cell column

A

T1-L3 - preganglionic sympathetics

S2-S4 - preganglionic parasympathetics

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13
Q

Function of Dorsal nucleus of Clarke

A

Ipsilateral dorsal spinocerebellar tract

Conscious and unconscious proprioceptive information of LEs

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14
Q

Reciprocal inhibition

A

Inhibit motor neurons of anatagonistic muscle during voluntary motion and reflex testing

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15
Q

Non-reciprocal inhibition

A

Inhibits motor neurons of agonists, antagonists, and synergists throughout the limb to allow smooth movement

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16
Q

Recurrent inhibition

A

Inhibit agonist motor neuron and synergist to allow for controlled movement
Interneuron is known as Renshaw cells

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17
Q

Function of dorsal funiculus

A

Ascending axons that transmit 2 point discrimination, vibration, fine point discriminatory touch and position sense from ipsilateral LQ (gracilus) and UQ (cuneatus)

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18
Q

Fasiculus gracilus

A

Located throughout the spinal cord

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19
Q

Fasciculus cuneatus

A

Located at spinal cord segments T6 and above

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20
Q

Stepping pattern generator (SPG)

A

pools of interneurons coordinating movement. Have both inhibitory and stimulatory

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21
Q

Three descending tracts of lateral funiculus

A

Lateral cortical spinal tract
Raphe spinal tract
Hypothalamospinal tract

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22
Q

Function of lateral cortical spinal tract

A

Descending axons of contralateral pre-motor/pre-central gyri that synapse on motor neurons of extremity muscles
Responsible for fine control of limb musculature (fractionation)

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23
Q

Function of raphe spinal tract

A

Descending axons from brainstem that synapse on neurons in dorsal gray horn to modify pain perception

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24
Q

Function of hypothalamospinal tract

A

Descending axons from hypothalamus to autonomic neurons in the spinal cord

25
Ascending tracts of white matter of spinal cord
Dorsal (posterior) spinocerebellar tract | Lateral spinothalamic tract
26
Functions of dorsal (posterior) spinocerebellar tract
Receptors: GTO's, muscle spindles, Ruffini endings Ascending axons from ipsilateral dorsal nucleus of Clarke Transmit unconscious and conscious proprioception from ipsilateral lower extremity
27
Functions of lateral spinothalamic tract
Neospinothalamic tract: ascending axons from contralateral lamina V (fast, sharp, well localized pain) Spinolimbic tract: dull, poorly localized pain
28
Parts of ventral funiculus
Ventral (medial) corticospinal tract (VCST) | Ventral (anterior) spinothalamic tract
29
Function of Ventral corticospinal tract
Desceding axons from ipsilateral pre-motor/pre-central gyri to motor neurons to contralateral trunk/proximal limb musculature (project IL, CL, and bilat)
30
Function of Ventral spinothalamic tract
Ascending axons from contralateral nucleus proprius | Transmits general tactile/crude/course touch from contralateral side of body
31
Muscle spindles function
Detect changes in length of a muscle
32
Two types of muscle fibers contained in a capsule
Nuclear bag fibers (big) | Nuclear chain fibers (slender)
33
Are muscle receptors extrafusal or intrafusal? What does that mean?
Intrafusal - actin and myosin at the end and will lengthen when muscle contracts
34
Primary annulospiral sensory innervation (Type IA)
Wrap around mid-portion of bags and chains | Respond to sudden changes in length
35
Secondary sensory innervation
Wrap around distal end of chains | Respond to slow changes in length
36
Alpha motor neurons
Stimulate extrafusal muscle fibers | Actin and myosin are the entire length of the fiber and when stimulate the entire fiber shortens
37
Gamma motor neurons
Stimulate intrafusal muscle fibers | Actin and myosin only located at the ends. When stimulated, the entire fiber lengthens
38
Alpha gamma coactivation
The spindle (gamma) is lengthening while the muscle fiber (alpha) is shortening. This provides constant feedback to CNS to stimulate alpha motor neurons
39
Monosynaptic reflex
1a primary annulospiral sensory neurons (rapid length changes) synapse directly on alpha motor neurons. Stretch of muscle tendon from reflex testing, PNF, or plyo sends a signal to CNS to contract muscle
40
Flexor (withdrawal) reflex
Sensory neuron synapses on a pool of interneurons
41
Golgi tendon organs
Located at myotendinous junction Detect tension in the tendon Connectedin series with extrafusal fibers (when extrafusal fibers contract they lengthen)
42
Sequence of GTO
Tension in tendon leads to 1b sensory action potentials. This inhibits the alpha motor neuron to that muscle and stimulates the antagonist
43
Autogenic inhibition
Inhibition of alpha motor neurons that innervate the muscle in which the GTO resides
44
Current theory of GTOs in gait
Facilitates contraction of gastroc during stance phase of gait and inhibits contraction of gastroc during swing phase of gait
45
Spinal lesion
Spinal nerves, dorsal root ganglia, ventral and dorsal roots Have a myotomal and/or dermatomal distribution
46
Peripheral lesion
Nervous tissue outside IV foramen | Have a peripheral nerve distribution
47
Neuropraxia
Traumatic myelinopathy No axonal disruption Repair within 3 weeks
48
Axonotmesis
Traumatic axonopathy Axon disrupted but no endonerium Recovery in 6 weeks to 6 months
49
Neurotmesis
Severance Axon and endonerium disrupted Need surgery Synkinesis
50
Sequence of sensory loss
Large myelinated neurons are affected first (conscious proprioception and fine discriminatory touch, cold sensation, fast (sharp) pain sensation, heat sensation, dull (slow) pain sensation)
51
Response of PNS to injury
Wallerian degeneration - disconnected distal stump undergoes swelling, fragmentation, and phagocytosis Cell body (central chromatolysis) - degenerative changes of cluster of Nissl bodies that can result in cell death Post-synaptic cell will typically degenerate
52
Paresthesia
Painless abnormal sensations such as tingling
53
Dysesthesia
Unpleasant abnormal sensations such as shooting or burning
54
Allodynia
Pain evoked by stimulus that would not cause pain
55
Secondary hyperalgesia
Hypersensitivity to mildly painful stimulus to uninjured tissue
56
Lower motor neuron
Alpha motor neuron cell body and its axon
57
Motor unit
A lower motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it innervates
58
S/S of lower motor neuron lesions
``` Flaccid paralysis or weakness Diminished/absent reflexes Fasciculations Atrophy Sensory loss/paresthesia ```
59
Clinical signs to detect peripheral neuropathies
``` Absence of asymmetrical decrease of a reflex Impaired pallesthesia Impaired proprioception Paresthesia Muscle weakness ```

Anatomy 2 (11 decks)

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