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Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Dorsal Primary Rami

A

Do not merge to form plexi
Motor: muscles of the deep back muscles
Sensory: innervate joint capsules/ligaments

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2
Q

Ventral Primary Rami

A

Merge to form plexi

Stay segmental in thoracic region

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3
Q

Cervical Plexus

A 
C2, C3, C4
Phrenic nerve (C3-C5)
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4
Q

Brachial Plexus

A

C5-T1

Ulnar, radial, median

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5
Q

Lumbar Plexus

A

L1-L4

Femoral, obturator

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6
Q

Sacral Plexus

A

L4-S3

Common peroneal, tibial

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7
Q

Afferent fiber

A

Usually unipolar
Receptor
Peripheral process

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8
Q

Efferent fiber

A

Axon

Synaptic terminal

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9
Q

Sequence of membranes surrounding afferent/efferent fibers

A

Axon, axolemma, myelin, neurilemma, endonerium, perinerium, epinerium

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10
Q

Neurilemma

A

Covers the myelin sheath

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11
Q

Endonerium

A

Covers each individual nerve fiber. Contains blood vessels that supply oxygen and nutrients

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12
Q

Perinerium

A

Surrounds bundles of nerve fibers

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13
Q

Epinerium

A

Surrounds entire nerve

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14
Q

Peripheral nerve cutaneous innervation

A

Areas of skin supplied by more than one spinal cord level

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15
Q

Superficial sensations (exteroceptors)

A

Responsible for pain, temperature, and fine touch

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16
Q

Examples of exteroceptors

A 
Free nerve endings
Hair follicles
Merkel's discs 
Meissner's corpuscles 
Krause end bulbs
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17
Q

Deep receptors (proprioceptors)

A

Responsible for joint position, kinesthetic awareness, vibration, muscle length and muscle tension, skin movements, and deep pressure

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18
Q

Examples of deep receptors

A 
Muscle spindles 
GTOs
Ruffini corpuscles 
Pacinian corpuscles 
Golgi ligament endings
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19
Q

What do free nerve endings detect?

A

Pain, touch, tickle, itch, temperature

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20
Q

What is the axon reflex?

A

The superficial heat stimulates temperature receptors in the skin, then a branch of the peripheral process synapses on cutaneous blood vessels which causes dilation

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21
Q

Ruffini Endings detect

A

joint angles at end range

Continuous stretch on skin

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22
Q

Hair follicle receptor organs

A

Combination of hair follicle and nerve fiber

Responsible for superficial touch

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23
Q

Krause end bulb

A

Responsible for touch, light pressure, and cold temperature sensations

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24
Q

Meissner’s corpulscles

A

Detects moving 2 point discrimination and low frequency vibration

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25
Pacinian corpuscles
Detects pressure and high frequency vibration
26
Merkel's Discs
Detects texture, localized touch, and static 2 point discrimination
27
Babinski reflex
Stroke along heel and along 5th metatarsal and then across the metatarsal heads
28
Oppenhein reflex
Stroking down the medial side of the tibia causes 1st toe extension
29
Chaddock reflex
Stroking along the lateral ankle/lateral aspect of foot causes 1st digit extension
30
Type I Mechanoreceptors
Ruffini endings - static end range position; speed/direction of active/passive movement; continuous stretch
31
Type II mechanoreceptors
Detect sudden movement
32
Type III mechanoreceptors
Golgi ligament endings (ligament receptors)
33
Type IV Mechanoreceptors
Free nerve endings
34
Who is the father of neuroscience? What did he propose?
Ramon y Cajal Proposed the neuron doctrine - that the nervous system was composed of individual neurons instead of all neurons being connected
35
Parts of the CNS
Brain (cerebellum, cerebru, and brainstem) and spinal cord (rootlets/roots & spinal nerves)
36
Parts of the PNS
Cranial nerves | Dorsal and ventral primary rami
37
Parts of the ANS
Parasympathetic | Sympathetic
38
Somatic nervous system
Voluntary skeletal muscle
39
Visceral nervous system
Nerve supply of organs
40
Ganglia
Cluster of nerve cell bodies located outside the CNS
41
Exception to ganglia definition
Dorsal root ganglia
42
Nuclei
Cluster of nerve cell bodies located within the CNS
43
Exception to nuclei definition
Basal root ganglia
44
Tracts
Bundles of axons carrying similar information (axons with same origin and common termination)
45
Other names for tracts
Lemniscus, fasiculus, peduncle, column, and capsule
46
Sensation
Awareness of stimuli
47
Perception
Interpretation of stimuli into meaningful information
48
Unipolar neurons
Only one projection extending off of the cell body | Seen in peripheral sensory neurons
49
Bipolar neurons
A single primary dendrite and a single axon extending off the cell body Found in retina, vestibular nerve, cochlear nerve
50
Multipolar neurons
One axons and 2 or more dendrites | Most motor and CNS interneurons
51
Anterograde transport
From the cell body to the terminus
52
Retrograde transport
From the terminus to the cell body
53
Paresis
Partial loss of voluntary contraction
54
Paralysis
Complete loss of voluntary contraction
55
Myoclonus
Involuntary contractions
56
Hypotonia
Abnormally low resistance to passive stretch
57
Flaccidity
Lack of resistance to passive stretch
58
Resting membrane potential
-70 mv
59
Astrocytes
``` Add structure, part of BBB, maintain potassium levels, guide migrating neurons Transmit information (transmit calcium to other astrocytes and has 2 way communication with neurons) Scar in CNS injury ```
60
Oligodendrocytes
Myelinate axons in CNS (1 segment of multiple axons) | Antibodies attack these in MS
61
Schwann cells
Myelinate axons in PNS (1 segment of 1 axon) | Antibodies attack these in Guillian-Barre
62
Microglia
Phagocytes | Activated in Alzheimer's and AIDS
63
Ependymal Cells
Line the ventricles and central canal | Ependymomas
64
Protoplasmic astrocytes
Located in the gray matter
65
Fibrous astrocytes
Located in white matter
66
Axo-dendritic synapses
most numerous; usually excitatory
67
Axo-somatic synapses
usually inhibitory
68
Axo-axonic
Presynaptic inhibition or facilitation; either reduces or increases calcium influx
69
Glutamate
The major excitatory NT in CNS
70
GABA
The major inhibitory NT in CNS GABA-a & GABA-c: increase calcium influx GABA-b: increase potassium efflux
71
Substance P
Released by sensory neurons transmitting pain
72
Endorphins and enkephalins
Inhibit neurons involved in perception of pain
73
Glycine
Prominent inhibitory neurotransmitters in the spinal cord
74
Serotonin
Produced by neurons in the raphe nuclei of the brainstem; axons project to spinal cord, telencephalon, and diencephalon
75
Dopamine
Produced by neurons in the substantia nigra and ventral tegmental area of the midbrain; axons project to basal ganglia, frontal cortex, amygdala, and hippocampus
76
Myasthenia Gravis
Antibodies are produced against Ach receptors in muscle cell membranes Characterized by weakness of levator palpebrae superioris, EOMs and limb muscles which becomes worse with excercise

Anatomy 2 (11 decks)

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