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Anatomy 2 > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Dorsal Primary Rami

A

Do not merge to form plexi
Motor: muscles of the deep back muscles
Sensory: innervate joint capsules/ligaments

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2
Q

Ventral Primary Rami

A

Merge to form plexi

Stay segmental in thoracic region

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3
Q

Cervical Plexus

A 
C2, C3, C4
Phrenic nerve (C3-C5)
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4
Q

Brachial Plexus

A

C5-T1

Ulnar, radial, median

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5
Q

Lumbar Plexus

A

L1-L4

Femoral, obturator

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6
Q

Sacral Plexus

A

L4-S3

Common peroneal, tibial

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7
Q

Afferent fiber

A

Usually unipolar
Receptor
Peripheral process

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8
Q

Efferent fiber

A

Axon

Synaptic terminal

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9
Q

Sequence of membranes surrounding afferent/efferent fibers

A

Axon, axolemma, myelin, neurilemma, endonerium, perinerium, epinerium

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10
Q

Neurilemma

A

Covers the myelin sheath

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11
Q

Endonerium

A

Covers each individual nerve fiber. Contains blood vessels that supply oxygen and nutrients

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12
Q

Perinerium

A

Surrounds bundles of nerve fibers

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13
Q

Epinerium

A

Surrounds entire nerve

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14
Q

Peripheral nerve cutaneous innervation

A

Areas of skin supplied by more than one spinal cord level

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15
Q

Superficial sensations (exteroceptors)

A

Responsible for pain, temperature, and fine touch

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16
Q

Examples of exteroceptors

A 
Free nerve endings
Hair follicles
Merkel's discs 
Meissner's corpuscles 
Krause end bulbs
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17
Q

Deep receptors (proprioceptors)

A

Responsible for joint position, kinesthetic awareness, vibration, muscle length and muscle tension, skin movements, and deep pressure

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18
Q

Examples of deep receptors

A 
Muscle spindles 
GTOs
Ruffini corpuscles 
Pacinian corpuscles 
Golgi ligament endings
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19
Q

What do free nerve endings detect?

A

Pain, touch, tickle, itch, temperature

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20
Q

What is the axon reflex?

A

The superficial heat stimulates temperature receptors in the skin, then a branch of the peripheral process synapses on cutaneous blood vessels which causes dilation

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21
Q

Ruffini Endings detect

A

joint angles at end range

Continuous stretch on skin

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22
Q

Hair follicle receptor organs

A

Combination of hair follicle and nerve fiber

Responsible for superficial touch

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23
Q

Krause end bulb

A

Responsible for touch, light pressure, and cold temperature sensations

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24
Q

Meissner’s corpulscles

A

Detects moving 2 point discrimination and low frequency vibration

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25
Q

Pacinian corpuscles

A

Detects pressure and high frequency vibration

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26
Q

Merkel’s Discs

A

Detects texture, localized touch, and static 2 point discrimination

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27
Q

Babinski reflex

A

Stroke along heel and along 5th metatarsal and then across the metatarsal heads

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28
Q

Oppenhein reflex

A

Stroking down the medial side of the tibia causes 1st toe extension

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29
Q

Chaddock reflex

A

Stroking along the lateral ankle/lateral aspect of foot causes 1st digit extension

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30
Q

Type I Mechanoreceptors

A

Ruffini endings - static end range position; speed/direction of active/passive movement; continuous stretch

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31
Q

Type II mechanoreceptors

A

Detect sudden movement

32
Q

Type III mechanoreceptors

A

Golgi ligament endings (ligament receptors)

33
Q

Type IV Mechanoreceptors

A

Free nerve endings

34
Q

Who is the father of neuroscience? What did he propose?

A

Ramon y Cajal
Proposed the neuron doctrine - that the nervous system was composed of individual neurons instead of all neurons being connected

35
Q

Parts of the CNS

A

Brain (cerebellum, cerebru, and brainstem) and spinal cord (rootlets/roots & spinal nerves)

36
Q

Parts of the PNS

A

Cranial nerves

Dorsal and ventral primary rami

37
Q

Parts of the ANS

A

Parasympathetic

Sympathetic

38
Q

Somatic nervous system

A

Voluntary skeletal muscle

39
Q

Visceral nervous system

A

Nerve supply of organs

40
Q

Ganglia

A

Cluster of nerve cell bodies located outside the CNS

41
Q

Exception to ganglia definition

A

Dorsal root ganglia

42
Q

Nuclei

A

Cluster of nerve cell bodies located within the CNS

43
Q

Exception to nuclei definition

A

Basal root ganglia

44
Q

Tracts

A

Bundles of axons carrying similar information (axons with same origin and common termination)

45
Q

Other names for tracts

A

Lemniscus, fasiculus, peduncle, column, and capsule

46
Q

Sensation

A

Awareness of stimuli

47
Q

Perception

A

Interpretation of stimuli into meaningful information

48
Q

Unipolar neurons

A

Only one projection extending off of the cell body

Seen in peripheral sensory neurons

49
Q

Bipolar neurons

A

A single primary dendrite and a single axon extending off the cell body
Found in retina, vestibular nerve, cochlear nerve

50
Q

Multipolar neurons

A

One axons and 2 or more dendrites

Most motor and CNS interneurons

51
Q

Anterograde transport

A

From the cell body to the terminus

52
Q

Retrograde transport

A

From the terminus to the cell body

53
Q

Paresis

A

Partial loss of voluntary contraction

54
Q

Paralysis

A

Complete loss of voluntary contraction

55
Q

Myoclonus

A

Involuntary contractions

56
Q

Hypotonia

A

Abnormally low resistance to passive stretch

57
Q

Flaccidity

A

Lack of resistance to passive stretch

58
Q

Resting membrane potential

A

-70 mv

59
Q

Astrocytes

A 
Add structure, part of BBB, maintain potassium levels, guide migrating neurons 
Transmit information (transmit calcium to other astrocytes and has 2 way communication with neurons) 
Scar in CNS injury
60
Q

Oligodendrocytes

A

Myelinate axons in CNS (1 segment of multiple axons)

Antibodies attack these in MS

61
Q

Schwann cells

A

Myelinate axons in PNS (1 segment of 1 axon)

Antibodies attack these in Guillian-Barre

62
Q

Microglia

A

Phagocytes

Activated in Alzheimer’s and AIDS

63
Q

Ependymal Cells

A

Line the ventricles and central canal

Ependymomas

64
Q

Protoplasmic astrocytes

A

Located in the gray matter

65
Q

Fibrous astrocytes

A

Located in white matter

66
Q

Axo-dendritic synapses

A

most numerous; usually excitatory

67
Q

Axo-somatic synapses

A

usually inhibitory

68
Q

Axo-axonic

A

Presynaptic inhibition or facilitation; either reduces or increases calcium influx

69
Q

Glutamate

A

The major excitatory NT in CNS

70
Q

GABA

A

The major inhibitory NT in CNS
GABA-a & GABA-c: increase calcium influx
GABA-b: increase potassium efflux

71
Q

Substance P

A

Released by sensory neurons transmitting pain

72
Q

Endorphins and enkephalins

A

Inhibit neurons involved in perception of pain

73
Q

Glycine

A

Prominent inhibitory neurotransmitters in the spinal cord

74
Q

Serotonin

A

Produced by neurons in the raphe nuclei of the brainstem; axons project to spinal cord, telencephalon, and diencephalon

75
Q

Dopamine

A

Produced by neurons in the substantia nigra and ventral tegmental area of the midbrain; axons project to basal ganglia, frontal cortex, amygdala, and hippocampus

76
Q

Myasthenia Gravis

A

Antibodies are produced against Ach receptors in muscle cell membranes
Characterized by weakness of levator palpebrae superioris, EOMs and limb muscles which becomes worse with excercise

Anatomy 2 (11 decks)

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