Exam 5 Flashcards by Katie Carrico

Lateral lemniscus

Axons from CL dorsal/ventral cochlear nuclei

Transmits auditory information

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Superior olivary nucleus

Sends axons to Organ of Corti to inhibit hair cells to reduce background noise. Involved in sound localization

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Three parts of basalar bonx

Corticospinal tract
Corticobulbar tract
Pontine nuclei

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Corneal reflex tests which nerves

CN V and VII

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LMN Lesion of facial nerve

Total paralysis on IL side of face: 
Unable to close eyelid tightly 
Unable to wrinkle forehead 
Sensation intact to pinprick (CN V) 
Could have lack of taste of hyeracusis

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UMN lesion of Facial nerve

Paralysis of CL facial muscles but can wrinkle forehead and possible weakly close eyelid because of bilateral innervation

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Two facial muscles that have bilateral innervation

Frontalis

Orbicularis oris

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Ramsey Hunt Syndrome

Compression and damage to both CN VII and VIII as they travel through acoustic meatus
Bell’s Palsy and balance problems

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Visceral motor (parasympathetic) actions of facial nerve

Innervates lacrimal gland - washes away foreign substances and keeps eye moist
Submandibular and sublingual glands - moistens food and assist moving food toward oropharynx

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Ageusia

Loss of taste sensation

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Hypogeusia

Decreased taste sensation

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Dysgeusia

Abnormal sensation of taste

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Function of the abducens nerve

Innervates the IL lateral rectus muscle (abducts the eye)

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Medial strabismus

Inability to direct both eyes on the same target due to inability to laterally rotate the eye

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Esotropia

Medial deviation of IL eye and inability to laterally rotate the eye

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Medial longitudinal fasciculus

Contains axons innervating CL medial recti

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Inernuclear Opthalmoplegia

Inability to medially rotate the eye during gaze to opposite side

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Somatic motor nerves of V3 distribution of trigeminal nerve

Medial and lateral pterygoid
Temporalis
Masseter

Sensory branches of V3 distribution of trigeminal nerve

Mandibular teeth and tongue sensory branches
Inferior alveolar nerves
Lingual nerve

Mesencephalic Nucleus

Located from mid-pons to superior colliculus of the midbrain
Contains cell bodies of peripheral processes which transmit proprioceptive information from muscles of mastication

Masseter

elevates mandible

Temporalis

Elevates and retracts mandible

Lateral pterygoid

bilateral contraction: protrusion and depression of mandible
Unilateral contraction: contralateral side movement of mandible

Medial pterygoid

Assists with elevation and protrusion

LMN Lesion of trigeminal nerve

Difficulty chewing Atrophy/weakness of muscles of mastication Jaw deviates to one side with mouth opening (deviates IL to side of lesion due to lateral pterygoid wekaness)

UMN lesion of trigeminal nerve

minimal effect on masticatory muscles due to bilateral innervation

Ascending axons of locus ceruleus

Release of norepinephrine to stimulate attention/arousal

Descending axons of locus ceruleus

Pain inhibition and part of emotional motor system (slower movements with fear & anxiety)

Inferior colliculus

Integrates auditory information from both ears and detects location of sound

Function of trochelar nerve

Innervates the superior oblique muscle which adducts and intorts the eye Important for looking down at ground and looking down to read

Rubrospinal tract

neck and UE flexor muscles | Relay station between cerebellum and thalamus

Superior colliculus

Voluntary/involuntary movement of the eye/head

Somatic motor innervation of oculomotor nerve

``` Inferior oblique Inferior rectus Medial rectus Superior rectus (CL) Levator palpeabrae superioris (CL) ```

Visceral motor innervation of oculomotor nerve

``` Ciliary muscles (increase or decrease diameter of lens) Pupillary constrictors ```

Accommodation Reflex

Pupils constrict Eyes adduct Lens becomes more convex

Lesion of CN III nucleus or nerve

Unopposed lateral rectus Mydriasis (dilated pupil) Ptosis (decreased innervation of LPS)

Weber's syndrome

Dilated pupil Ptosis Eye deviates downward (SO) or laterally (LR) Contralateral UMN paralysis because of cerebral penduncles

Decorticate rigidity

Lesion above red nucleus Uninhibited rubrospinal tract and lateral vestibulospinal tract Flexion of UE and extension of LE Worse prognosis

Decerbrate rigidity

Lesion between red nucleus and lateral vestibular nucleus Extension of extremities/trunk Uninhibited extension biased lateral vestibulospinal tract dominates inhibited rubrospinal tract Better prognosis

4 D's of Brainstem

Dysphagia - difficulty swallowing Dysarthria- difficulty articulating Diplopia - double vision Dysmetria - unable to stop a movement at a certain point

Reticular Formation

Consists of axons/dendrites and clusters of nerve cell bodies (ganglia) dispersed amongst axon/dendrites

Raphe magnus nucleus

Serotonin Ascending tracts - induce sleep Descending tracts - inhibit pain (raphe spinal tract)

Central group nuclei

Involved in alertness and arousal | Can arouse or wakeup a person

Ventral tegmental area

cells produce dopamine to cerebral areas important in motivation and decision making, as well as feelings of pleasure and reward