Exam 6 Study Flashcards
1
Q
True or false: The human central nervous system consists of the brain, spinal cord, and nerves.
A
False; The nerves are not part of the central nervous system
2
Q
Central nervous system input/output
A
sensory input, motor output
3
Q
Nervous tissue contains…
A
- neurons: transmit nerve impulses
- neuroglia: support and nourish neurons
4
Q
Neuroglial functions
A
- Astrocytes: Provide metabolic and structure support for neurons
- Microglia: Remove bacteria and debris from nervous tissue
- Schwann cells: Form myelin in the peripheral nervous system
- Oligodendrocytes: Form myelin in the central nervous system
5
Q
Nervous system specific funtions (3)
A
Receive sensory input
Generate motor output
Process and integrate information
6
Q
Three basic neuron types
A
sensory: detect changes in the environment
motor:
interneurons: within cns
7
Q
Which type of receptor would respond to changes in the environment?
A
Sensory
8
Q
Three neuron parts
A
axon (gaps called node of Ranvier)
cell body
dendrite
9
Q
The type of neuron that takes nerve impulses away from the central nervous system is a…
A
motor (efferent) neuron
10
Q
structure or function of a sensory neuron
A
- Very long axon carrying nerve signals from dendrites to the CNS
- Connects with an interneuron in the CNS
11
Q
Myelin characteristics
A
- Formed by the Schwann cells in the PNS
- Formed by oligodendrocytes in the CNS
- Longer axons are more likely to have myelin
12
Q
A bundle of long axons outside of the central nervous system is called a
A
nerve
13
Q
In the CNS, gray matter is gray because it contains no…
A
myelin
14
Q
What forms myelin sheath?
A
schwann cell membranes wrapping around axon
15
Q
The potential energy that an inactive neuron maintains as a result of its polarized membrane is called the
A
resting potential
16
Q
In a resting neuron, the inside of the cell is negatively charged mainly because of
A
negatively charged proteins inside the cell
17
Q
During the conduction of a nerve impulse, the event that spreads along the plasma membrane is called an
A
action potential
18
Q
gray vs white matter
A
gray: no myelin
white: myelin
19
Q
Threshold
A
voltage necessary for an action potential to be propogated
20
Q
In a resting neuron, which positively charged ions are more concentrated outside of the cell?
A
sodium
21
Q
Which part of a neuron conducts an action potential?
A
axon
22
Q
The location where an axon terminal of one neuron comes into close proximity with a dendrite or cell body of a second neuron is called a
A
SYNAPSE!
23
Q
The best definition of an axon terminal is
A
the small swelling at the tip of an axon branch
24
Q
events that occur during signal transmission at a synapse
A
- Calcium stimulates synaptic vesicles to merge with sending neuron membrane.
- Action potential arrives at an axon terminal.
- Neurotransmitters are released into the synaptic cleft.
25
Events that occur when an excitatory neurotransmitter is released at a synapse in chronological order, with the earliest event at the top.
- never signals travel along an axon to reach axon terminal
- calcium ions enter terminal and stimulating synaptic vesicles to merge iwht the sending membrane
- neurotransmitter molecules release into the synaptic cleft and diffusing across to receving membrance
- sodium ions diffuse into receiving neuron
- action potential begins in the receiving neuron
26
Characteristics of NTs
Can be excitatory
Can be inhibitory
Released from synaptic vesicles
27
excitatory vs inhibitory nts
excitatory: allow sodium ions into neuron
inhibitory: allow potassium out of a neuron
28
neurotransmitters that are active in the PNS for the stimulation of smooth muscle
Norepinephrine
Acetylcholine
29
Whereas an inhibitory signal causes a neuron to be ______ threshold, an excitatory signal causes a neuron to be ______ threshold.
further from; closer to
30
Neurotransmitters are involved in transmitting signals between...
- nerve to nerve
- nerve to muscle
- nerve to gland
31
Know spinal cross section
Dorsal root
Dorsal root ganglion
Spinal nerve
Ventral root
Gray matter
White matter
32
largest part of brain in humans that regulates motor output
cerebrum
33
cerebral structures (grooves and folds)
Sulcus: Shallow groove
Gyrus: Thick fold
34
Cerebral cortex
- Region of the brain that accounts for thought processes
- Region of the brain that accounts for sensation
- Convoluted outer layer of gray matter that covers the cerebral hemispheres
- Region of the brain that accounts for voluntary movement
35
Where is the primary motor area responsible for initiating voluntary commands to skeletal muscles located?
frontal lobe
36
Match the cerebral lobe with the correct function.
Frontal: Movement
Occipital: Vision
Parietal: Somatic senses
Temporal: Sound
37
Areas of the cerebrum where integration occurs and where memories are stored are called
association areas
38
Wernicke's and Broca's
W: Understanding written and spoken words
B: motor control of muscles for speaking and writing
39
As a child grows, progressive ______ allows the brain to increase in size and complexity.
myelination
40
hypothalamus
- Regulates hunger, thirst, sleep, body temperature, and water balance
- Integrating center that helps maintain homeostasis
- Controls the pituitary gland
41
melatonin is secreted by the
pineal gland
42
cerebellum
- Lies under the occipital lobe of the cerebrum
- Receives sensory input about the present position of body parts
- The pattern of white matter is called the arbor vitae
- Contains both gray and white matter
43
Thalamus
Participates in higher mental functions
Receiving end for all sensory input except smell
Integrates sensory information and sends it to appropriate portions of the cerebrum
Involved in arousal of the cerebrum
44
Medulla oblongata
Contains tracts that descend between spinal cord and higher brain centers
Contains tracts that ascend between the spinal cord and higher brain centers
Contains reflex centers for vomiting, coughing, sneezing, hiccuping, and swallowing
Lies just superior to the spinal cord
45
Hippocampus
sends information to memory
46
how many pairs of cranial nerves do humans have
12
47
Two divisions of the nervous system
somatic: controls skeletal muscle
autonomic: regulates smooth muscle of organs
48
The autonomic division of the PNS is divided into the sympathetic and ____ divisions.
parasympathetic
49
Select the features shared by the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the autonomic nervous system.
Use two neurons and one ganglion to carry impulses
Typically function involuntarily
50
Which of the following are characteristics of the sympathetic division of the autonomic system?
Inhibit the digestive organs
Important during emergency situations
Neurotransmitter released by postganglionic axon is primarily norepinephrine
51
Select the correct descriptions of the structure of the parasympathetic nervous system.
Ganglia are located within or near the organ affected.
The vagus nerve carries parasympathetic fibers.
Some preganglionic fibers originate from the sacral portion of the spinal cord.
52
Select all correct descriptions of the expected activities of the sympathetic nervous system.
Dilates the bronchi
Inhibits urine formation
Inhibits digestion
53
motor pathways within the somatic division of the peripheral nervous system
The neurotransmitter is acetylcholine.
Effectors are skeletal muscles.
Fibers are carried by most cranial and all spinal nerves.
54
parasympathetic nervous system
Causes the pupil of the eye to contract
Promotes digestion
Slows the heart rate
55
The sensory receptors that detect pain are called
nociceptors
56
The perception of a stimulus by the cerebral cortex is known as
sensation (NOT PERCEPTION)
57
The somatic senses are those whose receptors are associated with which areas of the body?
Joints
Skin
Muscles
58
Which type of somatic receptor detects touch and pressure in the skin?
cutaneous receptors
59
Stimulation of pain receptors in an internal organ that is also felt in another area of the body is called
referred pain
60
Select all specific examples of chemoreceptors.
olfactory cells
taste cells
61
Which type of cutaneous receptors are simple free nerve endings?
Thermoreceptors
62
Primary tastes
- sweet
- sour
- salty
- umami
- bitter
63
Three eye layers outer to inner
sclera, choroid, retina
64
The white fibrous outer layer of the eyeball is the
sclera
65
The transparent portion of the outer eye that allows light to enter the eye is the
cornea
66
The part of the eye that controls the size of the pupil is the
iris
67
The eye structure that changes shape in order to focus an image on the retina is the
lens
68
The type of photoreceptor that is more concentrated in the center of the retina, allows for color vision and responds to bright light is called a
cone cell
69
The light-absorbing pigment found in rods is
rhodopsin (from vitamin A)
70
Select all functions of rod cells in the eye.
Night vision
Detection of motion
Peripheral vision
71
The outer most layer of retinal neurons (closest to the choroid) is the layer that contains
rod and cone cells
72
Place the cellular layers of the retina in the correct order, with the first layer that light would pass through at the top.
- rods and cones
- bipolar cells
- ganglion cells
73
The sensory receptor cells for the senses of hearing and balance are called
hair cells
74
The light-absorbing pigment found in rods is
rhodopsin
75
hair cells (mircovilli) are located in the
inner ear
76
The three small bones (malleus, incus, and stapes) that transmit vibrations across the middle ear are collectively called the
ossicles
77
Place these structures in the correct order as impulses would travel through them after leaving the eye. The first structure that the impulses travel through should be at the top.
- optic nerve
- optic chiasma
- optic tracts
- visual cortex
78
components of the middle ear
Auditory tube
Ossicles
Tympanic membrane
79
The structures of the ear that transmit vibrations from the tympanic membrane to the oval window are the
ossicles
80
Nerve impulses associated with hearing leave the inner ear by way of the
cochlear nerve
81
sound mechanisms
- pitch: Region of the basilar membrane that vibrates (from base to tip)
- volume: Amplitude (strength) of vibration of the basilar membrane
82
The three half-circle-shaped canals in the inner ear that function in the maintenance of rotational equilibrium are called
semicircular canals
83
endo/exocrine glands
- Endocrine: Releases secretion into the blood
- Exocrine: Releases secretion into a duct
84
Features of the endocrine system
Takes longer to elicit a response than the nervous system, but the response will be longer lasting
Is largely composed of glands
Uses hormones that are released into the bloodstream to communicate with target cells
85
know locations of glands
hypothalamus
pituitary
thyroid
adrenal
86
prostaglandins are examples of
local hormones
87
A chemical messenger that influences the behavior of other individuals is a
pheromone
88
Which types of hormones are typically considered first messengers?
peptide
89
two major types of hormones
- peptide: from proteins, glycoproteins, modified amino acids
- steroid: derived from cholesterol
90
Growth hormone is what type of hormone?
peptide
91
List the events describing the action of steroid hormones in the correct sequence.
- hormone diffuses through plasma membrane
- hormone binds to a receptor in the nucleus
- hormone-receptor complex activates a gene
- a specific mRNA molecule is synthesized
92
The part of the brain that regulates the internal environment of the body by linking the endocrine and nervous systems is the
hypothalamus
93
The small gland that lies just inferior to the hypothalamus and that has anterior and posterior regions is called the
pituitary gland
94
ADH and oxytocin are released by the
posterior pituitary gland
95
If a person drinks a lot of water, the amount of ADH secreted into the bloodstream
decreases
96
what controls pituitary secretion
hypothalamus
97
Match each hormone secreted by the pituitary gland with the target tissue or gland that it acts on.
- Adrenocorticotropic: Adrenal cortex
- Growth: Bones, muscle, other tissues
- Luteinizing: Ovaries, testes
- Prolactin: Mammary glands
98
produced by anterior pituitary
- growth hormone
- prolactin
- TSH
- FSH
- ACTH
99
secreted by anterior pituitary
- GH
- TSH
- ACTH
- LH
- FSH
100
Which of the following hormones are examples of gonadotropic hormones?
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
Luteinizing hormone (LH)
101
Which endocrine gland regulates the overall metabolic rate of the body, as well as playing a role in calcium homeostasis?
thyroid
102
Blood calcium level is regulated in part by
____, a hormone secreted by the thyroid gland when the blood calcium level rises.
calcitonin
103
The stimulus that causes the parathyroid glands to secrete parathyroid hormone is
low blood calcium
104
hormones produced by adrenal medulla
epinephrine and norepinephrine
105
adrenal cortex vs medulla secretion
cortex: aldosterone and cortisol
106
When blood sodium levels and blood pressure are low, the kidneys secrete ___, which leads to the release of ___ from the adrenal cortex
renin, aldosterone
107
When aldosterone is secreted into the blood, blood pressure will
increase
108
The hormone melatonin is produced by the
pineal gland
