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BIO 102 > Exam 2 Concepts > Flashcards

Exam 2 Concepts Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

4 Tissue Types

A

Connective: binds and supports body parts
Epithelial: covers surfaces and lines cavities
Muscle: movement
Nervous: conduct impulses

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2
Q

Connective tissue material

A

Specialized cells
Ground substance: noncellular material separating cells
Protein fibers

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3
Q

Three possible fibers in connective tissue

A

Reticular: framework
Elastin: malleable
Collagen: strongest/rigid

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4
Q

Fibroblast

A

Major type of cell found in connective tissue;
Dense fibrous
Loose fibrous: supports epithelium and internal organs

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5
Q

Adipose tissue

A

functions in energy storage, insulation, and organ protection; regulates appetite

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6
Q

Tendons and ligaments

A

tendons: connect muscle to bone
ligament: connect bone to bone

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7
Q

Fibrous connective tissue

A

dense regular: tendons and ligaments
dense irregular: underneath epithelial
areolar: collagen and elastic fibers
reticular: mostly reticular fibers
adipose: storage for fat

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8
Q

Supportive connective tissue

A

cartilage: solid/flexible matrix, no blood supply
bone

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9
Q

Cartilage

A

hyaline: fine collagen fibers (nose)
elastic: elastic fibers (outer ear)
fibrocartilage: strongest, strong collagen fibers (vertebrae)

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10
Q

Bone

A

cemented matrix with collagen

spongy bone: ends of long bones, surrounding marrow cavity

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11
Q

Blood

A

Fluid connective tissue w/ formed elements and plasma

red blood cells
white blood cells
platelets

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12
Q

Lymph

A

fluid connective tissue derived from excess tissue fluid; contains fats absorbed from small intestine

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13
Q

Muscle tissue

A

Skeletal: voluntary movement, striated, cylindrical, attached to bone
Smooth: involuntary, not striated, spindle shaped ,around organ
Cardiac: involuntary, straited, branched, on heart

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14
Q

Nervous tissue

A

respond via chemical, mechanical, or electrical stimuli

neurons
neuroglia: nourish and support neurons

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15
Q

Epithelial tissue functions and structure

A
  • absorption
  • secretion
  • protects body surfaces

tightly packed cells that form a continuous layer

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16
Q

Epithelial tissue types

A
  • squamous
  • cuboidal
  • columnar
  • simple: one layer
  • stratified: two layers
  • pseudostratified: looks like two, only one layer
  • transitional: go back and forth between flattened and enlarged state
17
Q

DNA terms

A

Chromosomes: discrete structures DNA are organized into

Autosomes (22 pairs) and Sex chromosomes (1 pair)

centromere: how sister chromatids are attached to each other

18
Q

Karyotype steps

A
  1. obtain cell sample
  2. stimulate division
  3. add chemical to stop division
  4. apply a stain to cells
  5. photograph the cells
  6. use a computer program to pair the chromosomes
19
Q

Interphase

A

G0: This is a permanently arrested stage for cells that don’t divide.
G1: Cell replicates organelles and performs its normal functions.
G2: Synthesis of microtubules and other proteins needed for cell division occur.
S: Each chromosome is copied into two identical strands.

20
Q

Meosis I vs II

A

I: homologous chromosomes separate
II: sister chromatids separate

21
Q

Incomplete dominant trait

A

A genetic system in which a heterozygous individual displays a phenotype intermediate between that of an individual homozygotic for either allele (child w/ wavy hair because parents had curly and straight hair)

22
Q

Codominance

A

A genetic system in which alleles are equally expressed in a heterozygote

23
Q

Semiconservative

A

DNA replication results in a new double helix with one new strand and one old strand

24
Q

DNA replication steps

A
  • DNA helicase unwinds/unzips
  • DNA polymerase copies DNA –> DNA
  • DNA ligase joins fragments
  • returns to coiled structure
25
Q

Transcription

A

Initiation:
Elongation:
Termination: stop enzyme

DNA copied to make complementary strand of RNA
forms mRNA in nucleus

26
Q

Translation

A

RNA used to produce proteins

27
Q

RNA types

A

tRNA: carries amino acids to ribosomes so the amino acids can be used for translation, has anticodons
mRNA: a coding, linear molecule formed in the nucleus from DNA
rRNA: joins with proteins to form the large and small subunits of a ribosome

BIO 102 (9 decks)

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