Exam 2 Concepts Flashcards
4 Tissue Types
Connective: binds and supports body parts
Epithelial: covers surfaces and lines cavities
Muscle: movement
Nervous: conduct impulses
Connective tissue material
Specialized cells
Ground substance: noncellular material separating cells
Protein fibers
Three possible fibers in connective tissue
Reticular: framework
Elastin: malleable
Collagen: strongest/rigid
Fibroblast
Major type of cell found in connective tissue;
Dense fibrous
Loose fibrous: supports epithelium and internal organs
Adipose tissue
functions in energy storage, insulation, and organ protection; regulates appetite
Tendons and ligaments
tendons: connect muscle to bone
ligament: connect bone to bone
Fibrous connective tissue
dense regular: tendons and ligaments
dense irregular: underneath epithelial
areolar: collagen and elastic fibers
reticular: mostly reticular fibers
adipose: storage for fat
Supportive connective tissue
cartilage: solid/flexible matrix, no blood supply
bone
Cartilage
hyaline: fine collagen fibers (nose)
elastic: elastic fibers (outer ear)
fibrocartilage: strongest, strong collagen fibers (vertebrae)
Bone
cemented matrix with collagen
spongy bone: ends of long bones, surrounding marrow cavity
Blood
Fluid connective tissue w/ formed elements and plasma
red blood cells
white blood cells
platelets
Lymph
fluid connective tissue derived from excess tissue fluid; contains fats absorbed from small intestine
Muscle tissue
Skeletal: voluntary movement, striated, cylindrical, attached to bone
Smooth: involuntary, not striated, spindle shaped ,around organ
Cardiac: involuntary, straited, branched, on heart
Nervous tissue
respond via chemical, mechanical, or electrical stimuli
neurons
neuroglia: nourish and support neurons
Epithelial tissue functions and structure
- absorption
- secretion
- protects body surfaces
tightly packed cells that form a continuous layer
Epithelial tissue types
- squamous
- cuboidal
- columnar
- simple: one layer
- stratified: two layers
- pseudostratified: looks like two, only one layer
- transitional: go back and forth between flattened and enlarged state
DNA terms
Chromosomes: discrete structures DNA are organized into
Autosomes (22 pairs) and Sex chromosomes (1 pair)
centromere: how sister chromatids are attached to each other
Karyotype steps
- obtain cell sample
- stimulate division
- add chemical to stop division
- apply a stain to cells
- photograph the cells
- use a computer program to pair the chromosomes
Interphase
G0: This is a permanently arrested stage for cells that don’t divide.
G1: Cell replicates organelles and performs its normal functions.
G2: Synthesis of microtubules and other proteins needed for cell division occur.
S: Each chromosome is copied into two identical strands.
Meosis I vs II
I: homologous chromosomes separate
II: sister chromatids separate
Incomplete dominant trait
A genetic system in which a heterozygous individual displays a phenotype intermediate between that of an individual homozygotic for either allele (child w/ wavy hair because parents had curly and straight hair)
Codominance
A genetic system in which alleles are equally expressed in a heterozygote
Semiconservative
DNA replication results in a new double helix with one new strand and one old strand
DNA replication steps
- DNA helicase unwinds/unzips
- DNA polymerase copies DNA –> DNA
- DNA ligase joins fragments
- returns to coiled structure
