Exam 4 Study Flashcards
1
Q
Long-term elevated blood pressure is correlated with an increase in which of the following health problems?
A
Kidney disease
storke
heart disease
2
Q
Two components of the cardiovascular system
A
Heart: pumps blood
Blood vessels: carries blood
3
Q
T or F: In the human body, blood is always contained within the blood vessels or within the lymphatic vessels.
A
False: In humans, blood is contained within blood vessels. Lymph is contained within the lymphatic vessels, not blood.
4
Q
Functions of blood
A
- carries nutrients to tissues
- removes waste products from tissues
- brings oxygen to tissues
5
Q
Three main functions of the cardiovascular system
A
- protect body against infection
- transport gases, nutrients, and wastes
- regulate temperature, pH, and salt balance
6
Q
body system primarily impacted by hypertension
A
cardiovascular system
7
Q
Where is blood in the body?
A
within blood vessels
8
Q
The lymphatic system works with the cardiovascular system by
A
collecting excess tissue fluid
9
Q
Blood brings carbon dioxide to the lungs, where it also picks up…
A
oxygen, which is needed by cells of the body.
10
Q
Three types of blood vessels
A
- arteries
- veins
- capillaries
11
Q
The functions of the cardiovascular system include generation of blood pressure by the heart, transportation of blood, regulation of blood flow and…
A
exchanges of nutrients, wastes, and gases at the capillaries
12
Q
Location of heart
A
between the lungs, directly behind the sternum
13
Q
the major portion of the heart, composed of cardiac muscle tissue
A
myocardium
14
Q
The system that assists the cardiovascular system by collecting excess tissue fluid is the…
A
lymphatic system
15
Q
Atrium vs ventricle
A
atrium: nearer to top, receive blood from veins
ventricle: nearer to bottom/apex, stronger at pumping
16
Q
A type of cell junction that aids in simultaneous contractions of cardiac fibers
A
gap junction
17
Q
Four chambers of the heart
A
left and right atria
left and right ventricle
18
Q
The human heart is located between the lungs and is tilted with the apex angled to the individual’s
A
Left
19
Q
The myocardium consists of what type of muscle tissue?
A
cardiac
20
Q
Know locations of…
A
Superior vena cava
Aorta
Pulmonary trunk
Right coronary artery
Inferior vena cava
21
Q
What tightly join cardiac muscle fibers to neighboring fibers?
A
intercalated discs
22
Q
Septum of the heart
A
23
Q
Location of heart valves
A
- Aortic semilunar valve
matches: between left ventricle and aorta - Bicuspid or mitral valve
matches: between left atrium and ventricle - Pulmonary semilunar valve: between right ventricle and pulmonary trunk
- Tricuspid valve: between right atrium and ventricle
24
Q
Cardiac veins
A
return blood from the coronary capillary beds, and empty into the right atrium
25
a heart attack is the result of...
disruption of the blood supply to the heart
26
Main blood vessels that carry blood immediately away from the right and left ventricles of the heart
aorta and pulmonary trunk
27
passage of blood
- inferior/superior vena cava from systemic veins to right atrium
- through tricuspid valve to right ventricle
- through pulmonary semilunar valve to pulmonary trunk
- to lungs
- from pulmonary veins to left atrium
- through bicuspid valve to left ventircle
- through aortic semilunar valve into aorta
- to vena cava
28
Bi vs tricuspid valve
bi: left
tri: right
29
The first arteries that branch off the aorta are called the...
cardiac arteries
30
Two main blood vessels that carry blood into the right atrium of the heart
Superior and inferior vena cava
31
Chamber of heart with the thickest wall
left ventricle because it must pump to the entire body
32
Cardiac system
The cardiac cycle includes systole and diastole.
Both atria contract at the same time.
33
The myocardium receives oxygen and nutrients from which blood vessels?
coronary arteries
34
Right side pumps ___, left side pumps___
right: lungs
left: body
35
Systole vs diastole
systole: contraction
diastole: relaxation
36
Heart rate of a healthy adult human at rest
60 to 80 bpm
37
sound of the heart beat occurs when...
- first beat: increasing pressure of blood inside the ventricles forces the AV valves to close
- second beat: ventricles relax, causing the semilunar valves to close
38
the function of the atrioventricular (AV) node
It conducts an electrical impulse into the ventricles
39
Pacemaker of the heart
SA (sinoatrial) node
40
Which cardiac structure conducts the heart beat from the atria to the ventricles?
AV node
41
The major actions of the hormones epinephrine and norepinephrine on the heart is to cause the heart to...
contract faster and stronger
42
Which of the following refers to uncontrolled irregular activity of the ventricles?
ventricular fibrillation
43
Blood vessels high pressure to low pressure
aorta, arteriole, capillary, venule, venae cavae
44
Cardiac circuits
pulmonary: through lungs
systemic: serves needs of body tissues
45
Blood leaving the heart to travel the pulmonary circuit leaves which chamber of the heart?
right ventricle
46
Blood in pulmonary arteries
away from heart, oxygen-poor
47
Venae cavae
The inferior vena cava collects blood from the lower body.
They are the largest veins in the systemic circuit.
48
The largest artery in the human systemic circuit is the
aorta
49
The liquid portion of the blood, which functions to transport substances in the blood, is called
plasma
50
Regulatory functions of blood
- Regulation of body temperature
- Maintenance of osmotic pressure
- Maintenance of acid-base balance
51
Proteins formed by white blood cells that inactivate pathogens are called
antibodies
52
Blood is which type of tissue?
fluid connective (contains cells and a noncellular matrix)
53
the three types of formed elements found in human blood
RBCs, WBCs, platelets
54
The force that prevents the loss of excessive plasma from the blood into the surrounding tissue is called
osmotic pressure
55
plasma protein functions
- Buffer blood pH
- Maintain osmotic pressure
- Form blood clots
56
two main components of blood
- plasma
- formed elements
57
RBCs other name
erythrocytes, no nucleus
58
All of the categories of formed elements of human blood are produced by the
red bone marrow
59
The component of the blood that is directly responsible for the transportation of oxygen is
HEMOGLOBIN
60
Heme and globin
heme: iron containing
globin: protein with four polypeptides
61
The most plentiful plasma protein(s) is/are
albumins
62
descriptions of white blood cells
White blood cells are translucent unless stained, are larger than red blood cells.
63
a single hemoglobin can transport how many oxygen molecules?
4
64
In response to the presence of foreign antigens, certain white blood cells (B cells) produce specific antigen-binding proteins called
antibodies
65
phagocytosis
66
A cell or other substance that is foreign to the body is called a/an
antigen
67
characteristics of platelets
function in blood clotting, they are more numerous in blood than white blood cells are
68
Formation of a blood clot
1. blood vessel is damaged
2. platelet plug forms
3. prothrombin is formed and converted to thrombin
4. fibrinogen is formed and converted to fibrin
69
Following a mismatched blood transfusion, the clumping of red blood cells that can occur is called...
agglutination
70
The term for an insufficient number of platelets
thrombocytopenia
71
an abnormal and spontaneous clot
thrombus
72
Blood types
determined by presence/absence of antigens on the surface of the red blood cells
A: A antigens, anti-B antibodies, donates to A and AB
B: B antigens, anti-A antibodies, donate to B and AB
O: no antigens, anti-A and B antibodies, donate to all
AB: A and B antigens, no anti-A or B antibodies, donate to AB only
73
Platelets are also called
thrombocytes
74
hemophilia main symptom
excessive bleeding
75
system interactions with cardiovascular system
- Digestive system: Provides necessary molecules for blood protein formation and blood cell formation
- Respiratory system: Helps regulate acid/base balance and aids venous return
- Lymphatic system: Helps maintain blood volume by collecting excess fluid
- Endocrine system: Can increase blood pressure, regulate blood volume and aid with blood cell formation
- Urinary system: Helps regulate blood-salt balance and blood volume
76
Is the lymphatic circulation separate from the cardiovascular circulation?
No; lymph is returned to the cardiovascular veins
77
Digestive tract organs
Gallbladder
matches
ChoiceStores bile from liver
Large intestine
matches
ChoiceAbsorbs water and salt
Liver
matches
ChoiceProcesses and stores nutrients; produces bile
Pancreas
matches
ChoiceProduces digestive enzymes and insulin
Small intestine
matches
ChoiceSecretes digestive enzymes, absorbs nutrients, secretes hormones
78
components of digestive process
Ingestion
Absorption
Elimination
Movement
79
Layers of GI tract wall (inner to outer)
- Lumen
- Mucosa: protects from digestive enzymes
- Submucosa: loose connective tissue w/ lymphatic vessels, blood vessels and nerves
- Muscularis: responsible for peristalsis
- Serosa
80
parts of digestive system mucosas that have cell producing digestive enzymes
mouth, stomach, small intestine
81
Stomach functions
Storage of food
Digestion of proteins
Control movement of food into small intestine
82
Pancreatic enzymes
lipase: fat
trypsin: protein
amylase: carbs
nuclease
83
Pancreas functions
- Produces enzymes to break down all types of food
- Produces sodium bicarbonate to neutralize the stomach acid
84
Liver functions
- Stores iron and certain vitamins
- Regulates blood glucose by producing or breaking down glycogen
- Converts amino groups from excess amino acids to urea
- Produces bile
85
combating low/high blood glucose
high: pancreas secretes insulin
low: liver releases glucose by breaking down glycogen
86
where is vitamin k produced?
bacteria in the large intestine
87
Essential amino acids
cannot be produced by the body
88
Complete proteins
Eggs
Meat
Poultry
Milk products
89
Fiber in the diet contributes to health by...
preventing cholesterol absorption, adding bulk to feces
90
minerals that play a role in nerve conduction
sodium, calcium, potassium
91
Functions that require calcium
nerve conduction, construction of bones and teeth, muscle contraction, blood clotting
92
Major and trace minerals
trace: >100mg
major: <100mg
93
antioxidant vitamins
scavenge free radicals
A, C, E
94
Fat and water soluble vitamins
- fat soluble: A, D, E, K
- water soluble: C, Bs, niacin, etc
95
The bottom of which bone is replaced during knee replacement surgery?
femur
96
Connective tissue types in the skeletal system
cartilage, bone, ligaments
97
Functions of skeletal system
- protect internal organs
- stores necessary minerals
- produce blood cells
98
Another term for the central shaft or main portion of a long bone is the
diaphysis
99
space inside diaphysis filled with yellow bone marrow
medullary cavity
100
enlarged end of a long bone
epiphysis
101
metaphysis
small area between diaphysis and epiphysis, contains epipyseal plate
102
perio vs endosteum
periosteum: covers bone except on ends
endosteum: on the inside
103
Characteristics of epiphysis
- coated with hyaline cartilage
- contains spongy bone
- site of blood cell production
104
the bone tissue consisting of units called osteons
compact bone tissue
105
Spongy bone characteristics
- designed for strength
- contains thin plates called trabeculae
- unorganized
106
Lacunae
openings or chambers in compact bone
107
What connects lacunae (open chambers) in compact bone?
canaliculi
108
Chondrocytes characteristics
- located within lacunae
- cartilage cells
109
three descriptions of cartilage
- no blood vessels
- no nerves
- gel-like matrix
110
Three cartilage types
- hyalin: glassy appearance, uniform fibers, somewhat flexible
- fibrocartilage: contains a matrix with strong collagen fibers
- elastic: contains mostly elastic fibers
111
Tendon vs ligaments
tendon: muscle to bone
ligament: bone to bone
112
Joint types
- fibrous: sutures in cranial bones
- cartilaginous: slightly movable
- synovial: freely movable
113
Joint opposing movements
- flexion and extension
- inversion and eversion
- adduction and abduction
- supination and pronation
114
Bone cell types
- osteoblasts: produce bone matrix and add calcium
- osteocytes: mature bone cells, maintain structure
- osteoclasts: bone-absorbing, break down bone and depositing calcium and phosphate into blood
115
formation of bone is called
ossification
116
ossification types
- intramembranous: bones develop between sheets of fibrous connective tissue
- endochondrial: bone forms within cartilage, replacing hyaline cartilage models
117
Hormones regulating blood calcium levels
- parathyroid hormones: increase blood calcium levels by adding into bloodstream
- calcitonin: decreases blood calcium levels by bringing back into bone
118
the cells of all muscle tissues are called
myocytes
119
Types of muscle tissue
- smooth: no nuclei, nonstriated
- skeletal: multiple nuclei, striated
- cardiac: no nuclei, striated
120
small, fluid-filled sacks between tendons and bones
bursae
