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BIO 102 > Exam 5 Concepts > Flashcards

Exam 5 Concepts Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Harmful microbe that causes disease

A

Pathogen

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2
Q

4 types of pathogens

A

bacteria, viruses, protists, parasites

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3
Q

Bacteria characteristics

A
  • prokaryotes
  • no nucleus or membrane-bound organelles
  • small circular DNA pieces called PLASMIDS
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4
Q

Bacterial capsule functions

A
  • stick to surfaces
  • avoid white blood cell’s phagocytosis
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5
Q

Bacteria shapes and names

A

sphere: coccus
rod: bacillus
spiral: spirillum

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6
Q

bacteria layers

A

plasma membrane, cell wall surrounded by outside coating called CAPSULE

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7
Q

Gram stains

A

able to detect gram positive (have thick layer of peptidoglycan in cell wall) or gram negative (thinner layer) in bacteria

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8
Q

Well-known bacterial diseases

A

strep throat, tuberculosis, gangrene, gonorrhea, syphilis, tetanus

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9
Q

Virus characteristics

A
  • nonliving
  • need host cell to reproduce
  • acellular
  • has outer capsid, inner core with nucleic acid
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10
Q

How virus infects

A

through nucleic acid delivery system, uses DNA, RNA, etc, depending on the disease

  • injects nucleic acid into your DNA
  • once infected, you are a carrier
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11
Q

Prion

A

protein that can become infectious (rogue proteins) and can cause loss of nervous tissue

  • Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease and Mad cow disease —> holes in brain
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12
Q

Parasites

A
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13
Q

Components of respiration

A
  • inspiration: inhaling, requires muscle contraction
  • expiration: exhaling, no energy required
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14
Q

Components of upper respiratory tract

A

1) nasal cavities: warms/moistens air, catches smells, nose hair catches particle matter for protection
2) pharynx: location for food and air passages and connects cavities to larynx; naso and oropharynx, laryngopharynx
3) larynx: voice box, produces sound

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15
Q

Components of lower respiratory tract

A

1) trachea: connect larynx to bronchus, move mucus up
2) bronchial tree: passes air into
3) lungs: gas exchange between air and blood

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16
Q

Branches of bronchial tree

A
  • Left and right bronchi
  • small bronchioles about 1 mm in diameter
    - bronchioles lead to alveoli
  • alveoli: microscopic sacs of air where gas exchanges occur
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17
Q

Cause of asthma in bronchus

A

smooth muscle that can contract surrounds bronchioles

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18
Q

Alveoli gas exchange

A

oxygen-poor arteries meet oxygen-rich veins at capillaries

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19
Q

Surfactant

A
  • lipoprotein that prevents alveoli from collapsing; change at higher elevations
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20
Q

Movement during respiration

A

INSPIRATION:
- ribcage up and out (external intercostal muscles)
- diaphragm contracts, moves down
- lungs expand
- air pressure in lungs decreases, air in

EXPIRATION:
- ribcage down and in (internal intercostal muscles)
- diaphragm relaxes, moves up
- lungs deflate
- air pressure in lungs increases, air out

21
Q

Air volume measurements

A
  • tidal volume: amount of air that moves in/out with a normal breath
  • vital capacity: max you can breathe in/out in one breathing cycle
  • inspiratory/expiratory reserve: max volume of air that lungs can contain/expel
22
Q

Nervous system roles in respiration

A
  • medulla: monitors intercostal muscle and diaphragm contractions
  • chemoreceptors: monitor O2 and CO2 concentration based on pH
23
Q

Internal vs External gas exchange

A

EXTERNAL
- in lungs, CO2 exits blood through pulmonary arteries; O2 enters blood through pulmonary veins

INTERNAL
- in tissues, O2 exits blood through systemic arteries; CO2 enters blood through systemic veins

24
Q

Upper respiratory tract infections

A
  • typically viral (viruses <3 warm and moist)
  • tonsilitis
  • laryngitis
  • sinusitis
25
Q

Lower respiratory tract infections

A
  • bronchitis
  • pneumonia (bacterial or viral)
  • tuberculosis (bacterial)
26
Q

Urinary system functions

A
  • Maintaining pH of the blood
  • Removing metabolic waste (excretion)
  • Maintaining salt balance of the blood
27
Q

Urea

A

a waste product of amino acid metabolism

28
Q

Kidney renal artery and veins

A
  • renal artery: oxygen-rich blood delivered to kidney (represented by red)
  • renal vein: oxygen-poor blood brought away from kidney (represented by blue)
29
Q

Kidney functions

A
  • regulate blood pressure through sodium/potassium pumps
30
Q

Aldosterone secretion

A
  • happens because of enzyme renin, released by kidneys adrenal glands
31
Q

glands on top of kidneys

A

adrenal glands

32
Q

Kidney hormones

A
  • Erythropoietin: increased production of RBCs
  • ADH: produced by posterior pituitary, required to open aquaporin channels in the distal convoluted tubule
  • Aldosterone: produced by adrenal glands, effects sodium ion reabsorption and potassium ion excretion at distal tubule
  • ANH: produced by atria in heart, promotes the secretion of sodium, the process of natriuresis
33
Q

Kidney layers

A
  • renal capsule (outer covering)
  • renal cortex
  • renal medulla
  • renal pelvis
34
Q

Urinary sphincters

A
  • internal: made of smooth muscle, involuntary
  • external: made of skeletal muscle, voluntary
35
Q

Urination process

A
  • bladder stretches
  • spinal cord receives nerve impulses
  • motor nerve impulses cause bladder to contract
  • urethral sphincters relax
  • micturition, or urination, occurs
36
Q

Functional unit of the kidney, producing urine

A

nephron

37
Q

Nephron structure

A
  • glomerulus: knot of capillaries where blood is filtered
  • proximal tubule
  • descending unit
  • loop of Henle: allows water to diffuse outside
  • ascending unit (salt transported to interstitial tissue)
  • distal tubule: ion exchange
  • collecting duct
38
Q

renal arteriole

A

hydrostatic pressure pushes blood from afferent renal arteriole to glomerulus

39
Q

During reabsorption of salt, what happens to water?

A

Water moves passively from the tubule into the blood

40
Q

Reabsorbed components

A
  • most water
  • nutrients
  • required salt (ions)
41
Q

Where does excess glucose go for someone with diabetes?

A

secreted in urine

42
Q

Tubular secretion

A

substances added to tubular fluid from blood

43
Q

Renin (ENZYME, not hormone)

A
  • Regulated by blood pressure
  • Regulates aldosterone
44
Q

Substance actively transported out of nephron loop

A

sodium chloride

45
Q

drugs that increase urinary output

A

diuretics

46
Q

Where is water absorbed in nephron?

A

descending limb

47
Q

ANH and renin relationship

A

ANH: inhibits salt and water reabsorption

after eating salty, more ADH can bring salt levels back to normal
after sweating, more renin maintains balance

48
Q

Buffer system

A

bicarbonate ions and carbonic acid

BIO 102 (9 decks)

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