Exam 5 Concepts

Question 1

Harmful microbe that causes disease

Answer 1

Pathogen

Question 2

4 types of pathogens

Answer 2

bacteria, viruses, protists, parasites

Question 3

Bacteria characteristics

Answer 3

• prokaryotes
• no nucleus or membrane-bound organelles
• small circular DNA pieces called PLASMIDS

Question 4

Bacterial capsule functions

Answer 4

• stick to surfaces
• avoid white blood cell’s phagocytosis

Question 5

Bacteria shapes and names

Answer 5

sphere: coccus
rod: bacillus
spiral: spirillum

Question 6

bacteria layers

Answer 6

plasma membrane, cell wall surrounded by outside coating called CAPSULE

Question 7

Gram stains

Answer 7

able to detect gram positive (have thick layer of peptidoglycan in cell wall) or gram negative (thinner layer) in bacteria

Question 8

Well-known bacterial diseases

Answer 8

strep throat, tuberculosis, gangrene, gonorrhea, syphilis, tetanus

Question 9

Virus characteristics

Answer 9

• nonliving
• need host cell to reproduce
• acellular
• has outer capsid, inner core with nucleic acid

Question 10

How virus infects

Answer 10

through nucleic acid delivery system, uses DNA, RNA, etc, depending on the disease

• injects nucleic acid into your DNA
• once infected, you are a carrier

Question 11

Prion

Answer 11

protein that can become infectious (rogue proteins) and can cause loss of nervous tissue

• Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease and Mad cow disease —> holes in brain

Question 12

Parasites

Question 13

Components of respiration

Answer 13

• inspiration: inhaling, requires muscle contraction
• expiration: exhaling, no energy required

Question 14

Components of upper respiratory tract

Answer 14

1) nasal cavities: warms/moistens air, catches smells, nose hair catches particle matter for protection
2) pharynx: location for food and air passages and connects cavities to larynx; naso and oropharynx, laryngopharynx
3) larynx: voice box, produces sound

Question 15

Components of lower respiratory tract

Answer 15

1) trachea: connect larynx to bronchus, move mucus up
2) bronchial tree: passes air into
3) lungs: gas exchange between air and blood

Question 16

Branches of bronchial tree

Answer 16

• Left and right bronchi
• small bronchioles about 1 mm in diameter
  - bronchioles lead to alveoli
• alveoli: microscopic sacs of air where gas exchanges occur

Question 17

Cause of asthma in bronchus

Answer 17

smooth muscle that can contract surrounds bronchioles

Question 18

Alveoli gas exchange

Answer 18

oxygen-poor arteries meet oxygen-rich veins at capillaries

Question 19

Surfactant

Answer 19

• lipoprotein that prevents alveoli from collapsing; change at higher elevations

Question 20

Movement during respiration

Answer 20

INSPIRATION:
- ribcage up and out (external intercostal muscles)
- diaphragm contracts, moves down
- lungs expand
- air pressure in lungs decreases, air in

EXPIRATION:
- ribcage down and in (internal intercostal muscles)
- diaphragm relaxes, moves up
- lungs deflate
- air pressure in lungs increases, air out

Question 21

Air volume measurements

Answer 21

• tidal volume: amount of air that moves in/out with a normal breath
• vital capacity: max you can breathe in/out in one breathing cycle
• inspiratory/expiratory reserve: max volume of air that lungs can contain/expel

Question 22

Nervous system roles in respiration

Answer 22

• medulla: monitors intercostal muscle and diaphragm contractions
• chemoreceptors: monitor O2 and CO2 concentration based on pH

Question 23

Internal vs External gas exchange

Answer 23

EXTERNAL
- in lungs, CO2 exits blood through pulmonary arteries; O2 enters blood through pulmonary veins

INTERNAL
- in tissues, O2 exits blood through systemic arteries; CO2 enters blood through systemic veins

Question 24

Upper respiratory tract infections

Answer 24

• typically viral (viruses <3 warm and moist)
• tonsilitis
• laryngitis
• sinusitis

Question 25

Lower respiratory tract infections

Answer 25

- bronchitis - pneumonia (bacterial or viral) - tuberculosis (bacterial)

Question 26

Urinary system functions

Answer 26

- Maintaining pH of the blood - Removing metabolic waste (excretion) - Maintaining salt balance of the blood

Question 27

Urea

Answer 27

a waste product of amino acid metabolism

Question 28

Kidney renal artery and veins

Answer 28

- renal artery: oxygen-rich blood delivered to kidney (represented by red) - renal vein: oxygen-poor blood brought away from kidney (represented by blue)

Question 29

Kidney functions

Answer 29

- regulate blood pressure through sodium/potassium pumps

Question 30

Aldosterone secretion

Answer 30

- happens because of enzyme renin, released by kidneys adrenal glands

Question 31

glands on top of kidneys

Answer 31

adrenal glands

Question 32

Kidney hormones

Answer 32

- Erythropoietin: increased production of RBCs - ADH: produced by posterior pituitary, required to open aquaporin channels in the distal convoluted tubule - Aldosterone: produced by adrenal glands, effects sodium ion reabsorption and potassium ion excretion at distal tubule - ANH: produced by atria in heart, promotes the secretion of sodium, the process of natriuresis

Question 33

Kidney layers

Answer 33

- renal capsule (outer covering) - renal cortex - renal medulla - renal pelvis

Question 34

Urinary sphincters

Answer 34

- internal: made of smooth muscle, involuntary - external: made of skeletal muscle, voluntary

Question 35

Urination process

Answer 35

- bladder stretches - spinal cord receives nerve impulses - motor nerve impulses cause bladder to contract - urethral sphincters relax - micturition, or urination, occurs

Question 36

Functional unit of the kidney, producing urine

Answer 36

nephron

Question 37

Nephron structure

Answer 37

- glomerulus: knot of capillaries where blood is filtered - proximal tubule - descending unit - loop of Henle: allows water to diffuse outside - ascending unit (salt transported to interstitial tissue) - distal tubule: ion exchange - collecting duct

Question 38

renal arteriole

Answer 38

hydrostatic pressure pushes blood from afferent renal arteriole to glomerulus

Question 39

During reabsorption of salt, what happens to water?

Answer 39

Water moves passively from the tubule into the blood

Question 40

Reabsorbed components

Answer 40

- most water - nutrients - required salt (ions)

Question 41

Where does excess glucose go for someone with diabetes?

Answer 41

secreted in urine

Question 42

Tubular secretion

Answer 42

substances added to tubular fluid from blood

Question 43

Renin (ENZYME, not hormone)

Answer 43

- Regulated by blood pressure - Regulates aldosterone

Question 44

Substance actively transported out of nephron loop

Answer 44

sodium chloride

Question 45

drugs that increase urinary output

Answer 45

diuretics

Question 46

Where is water absorbed in nephron?

Answer 46

descending limb

Question 47

ANH and renin relationship

Answer 47

ANH: inhibits salt and water reabsorption after eating salty, more ADH can bring salt levels back to normal after sweating, more renin maintains balance

Question 48

Buffer system

Answer 48

bicarbonate ions and carbonic acid