Exam 2 Study Flashcards by Noelle Cooper

4 Tissue Types

Connective: binds and supports body parts
Epithelial: covers surfaces and lines cavities
Muscle: movement
Nervous: conduct impulses

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Organization Levels

Cell
Tissue
Organ
Organ system

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Leukemia and carcinoma have a high rate because…

blood and epithelial cells have a high rate of division (spread easier)

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Muscle tissue is considered a cell because…

it is made up of similar cells that perform a common function

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All types of connective tissue have…

specialized cells, ground substance, and protein fibers

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True or false: In connective tissues the ground substance can vary from solid to liquid in consistency.

True

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Which tissue do these cancers arise from?
Carcinoma, leukemia, lymphoma, sarcoma

Carcinoma: epithelial tissue
Leukemia: blood
Lymphoma: lymphoid tissue
Sarcoma: connective or muscle tissue

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Three possible fibers in connective tissue

Reticular
Elastin
Collagen

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Major type of cell found in fibrous connective tissue?

Fibroblast

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The two forms of fibrous connective tissue are…

Dense and loose fibrous tissue

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The ground substance and fibers found in connective tissue is collectively referred to as the…

Matrix

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In connective tissues, the noncellular material that separates the cells is called the…

Ground substance

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Which type of connective tissue supports epithelium and internal organs?

Loose fibrous connective tissue

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The type of connective tissue that functions in energy storage, insulation, and organ protection is…

Adipose tissue (Produces a hormone that regulates appetite, contains adipocytes)

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Which of the following are present in fibrous connective tissues?

Matrix
Collagen fibers
Ground substance
Fibroblasts

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What type of connective tissue has loose and dense forms?

Fibrous tissue

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Dense fibrous connective tissue is characterized by tightly packed fibers of what type?

Collagen fibers

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Purpose of tendons and ligaments

tendons: connect muscle to bone
ligament: connect bone to bone

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The two types of loose fibrous connective tissue

Areolar, reticular

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Cartilage and bone are types of…

supportive connective tissue

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The small chamber in which a cartilage or bone cell would lie is called a(n)

Lacunae

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Which type of connective tissue has a solid but flexible matrix and no blood supply?

Cartilage

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Characteristics of cartilage

Contains chondrocytes in lacunae
Solid yet flexible matrix

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The most rigid type of connective tissue, with a matrix hardened by inorganic salts, is…

Bone

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The fluid connective tissue composed of formed elements and plasma is...

Blood

Osteoblasts and osteoclasts are cell types responsible for forming the matrix in...

Bones

Most cells of the human body are in direct contact with which type of fluid?

Interstitial fluid

Bone tissue that is arranged in cylindrical structural units called osteons, which is found in the shaft of long bones, is known as...

compact bone

Which type of connective tissue contributes to body homeostasis by distributing body heat?

Blood

The type of bone tissue located in the ends of long bones and surrounding the marrow cavity is...

spongy bone

The liquid portion of blood that surrounds the formed elements is called...

plasma

Characteristics of red blood cells

Transport oxygen Contain hemoglobin Biconcave shape

Blood, a liquid connective tissue, contains which of these?

Plasma and formed elements

The cells of the human body are bathed in a fluid that goes by two names:

Extracellular fluid Interstitial fluid

Purpose of blood

Transports oxygen and nutrients Plays a role in pH and ion balance Distributes heat

Characteristics of white blood cells

Have a nucleus Fight foreign invaders

The type of formed elements that participate in blood clot formation are the...

Platelets

Which of the following is a fluid connective tissue that is derived from excess tissue fluid, and also contains fats absorbed from the small intestine?

Lymph

Within a red blood cell, each molecule of hemoglobin is composed of...

FOUR units; each unit is made up of a protein called GLOBIN and an iron-containing structure called HEME.

Three types of muscle tissue

Skeletal Smooth Cardiac

Characteristics of skeletal muscle

Attaches to bones via tendons Under voluntary control Fibers are striated

As it travels through lymphatic vessels, lymph is cleansed by passing through structures composed of fibrous connective tissue and white blood cells. These structures are called...

Lymph nodes

Which type of tissue is composed of contractile cells that contain actin and myosin filaments?

Muscle tissue

What type of muscle is found in the walls of visceral organs such as the intestine and bladder?

Smooth muscle

Cardiac muscle cells are bound end to end at junctions called...

Intercalated discs

Major components of nervous tissue

Neurons Neurogilia

Parts and functions of a neuron

Axon: Conducts impulses away from the neuron Cell body: contains the nucleus Dendrite: Receives signals from sensory receptors or other neurons

Characteristics of the three muscle types

Cardiac: Striated, single nucleus, branched cells Skeletal: Striated, multiple nuclei, cylindrical cells Smooth: Non-striated, spindle-shaped, single nucleus

In the nervous system, an axon along with its myelin sheath is called a...

Fiber

Characterizations of smooth muscle

Also called visceral muscle Cells are spindle-shaped with a single nucleus Muscle fibers lack striations

Characterizations of cardiac muscle

Adjacent cells are bound at intercalated disks Fibers are striated Cells have a single, centrally placed nucleus

Functions of neuroglia

Nourish neurons Support neurons

Functions of nervous tissue

Sensory input Integrates data Motor output

Functions of epithelial tissue

Absorption Secretion Protection of body surfaces

Which is the best description of the general structure of epithelial tissue?

Tightly packed cells that form a continuous layer

The DNA of a cell is organized into discrete structures called

Chromosomes

How many pairs of sex chromosomes vs autosomes?

1 pair of sex chromosomes 22 pairs of autosomes

Steps of creating a karyotype

1. obtain cell sample 2. stimulate division 3. add chemical to stop division 4. apply a stain to cells 5. photograph the cells 6. use a computer program to pair the chromosomes

The collective term for the DNA and proteins that make up a chromosome is

Chromatin

Sister chromatids are attached to each other by the...

Centromere

Two major parts of cell division

Cell division Interphase: DNA replication and organelle duplication

Stages of interphase

G0: This is a permanently arrested stage for cells that don't divide. G1: Cell replicates organelles and performs its normal functions. G2: Synthesis of microtubules and other proteins needed for cell division occur. S: Each chromosome is copied into two identical strands.

Centrosome vs centromere

centrosome: the central microtubule organizing center of cells centromere: holds sister chromatids together

Two stages of cell division

mitosis (nucleus divides) cytokinesis (cytoplasm divides)

Purpose of checkpoints in cell cycle

delay the cell cycle unless certain conditions are met

After the centrosomes duplicate, they separate and form the poles of the...

Mitotic spindle

When do sister chromatids separate in meiosis?

Meiosis II

Meiosis I vs II

I: homologous chromosomes separate II: sister chromatids separate

Crossing over occurs during...

prophase I

The position of a gene on a chromosome is called its...

Locus

Incomplete dominant trait

A genetic system in which a heterozygous individual displays a phenotype intermediate between that of an individual homozygotic for either allele (child w/ wavy hair because parents had curly and straight hair)

A genetic system in which alleles are equally expressed in a heterozygote is called...

Codominance

Semiconservative

DNA replication results in a new double helix with one new strand and one old strand

Steps of cellular DNA replication

1. DNA helicase unwinds and unzips DNA 2. DNA polymerase adds complementary nucleotides 3. DNA ligase joins fragments 4. DNA returns to coiled structure

What enzyme adds complementary bases toan existing strand in DNA replication?

DNA polymerase

Ribosomes are made of proteins and a type of nucleic acid called...

Ribosomal RNA

types of RNA

tRNA: carries amino acids to ribosomes so the amino acids can be used for translation, has anticodons mRNA: a coding, linear molecule formed in the nucleus from DNA rRNA: joins with proteins to form the large and small subunits of a ribosome

Transcription

how mRNA is formed in the nucleus

Elongation, initiation, and termination

Elongation: The ribosome moves down the mRNA one codon at a time; tRNAs bring amino acids into the ribosome. Initiation: mRNA binds to small subunit of ribosome; ribosomal subunits join together. Termination: A stop codon is encountered; ribosomal subunits dissociate.