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BIO 102 > Exam 2 Study > Flashcards

Exam 2 Study Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

4 Tissue Types

A

Connective: binds and supports body parts
Epithelial: covers surfaces and lines cavities
Muscle: movement
Nervous: conduct impulses

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2
Q

Organization Levels

A

Cell
Tissue
Organ
Organ system

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3
Q

Leukemia and carcinoma have a high rate because…

A

blood and epithelial cells have a high rate of division (spread easier)

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4
Q

Muscle tissue is considered a cell because…

A

it is made up of similar cells that perform a common function

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5
Q

All types of connective tissue have…

A

specialized cells, ground substance, and protein fibers

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6
Q

True or false: In connective tissues the ground substance can vary from solid to liquid in consistency.

A

True

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7
Q

Which tissue do these cancers arise from?
Carcinoma, leukemia, lymphoma, sarcoma

A

Carcinoma: epithelial tissue
Leukemia: blood
Lymphoma: lymphoid tissue
Sarcoma: connective or muscle tissue

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8
Q

Three possible fibers in connective tissue

A

Reticular
Elastin
Collagen

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9
Q

Major type of cell found in fibrous connective tissue?

A

Fibroblast

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10
Q

The two forms of fibrous connective tissue are…

A

Dense and loose fibrous tissue

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11
Q

The ground substance and fibers found in connective tissue is collectively referred to as the…

A

Matrix

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12
Q

In connective tissues, the noncellular material that separates the cells is called the…

A

Ground substance

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13
Q

Which type of connective tissue supports epithelium and internal organs?

A

Loose fibrous connective tissue

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14
Q

The type of connective tissue that functions in energy storage, insulation, and organ protection is…

A

Adipose tissue (Produces a hormone that regulates appetite, contains adipocytes)

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15
Q

Which of the following are present in fibrous connective tissues?

A

Matrix
Collagen fibers
Ground substance
Fibroblasts

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16
Q

What type of connective tissue has loose and dense forms?

A

Fibrous tissue

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17
Q

Dense fibrous connective tissue is characterized by tightly packed fibers of what type?

A

Collagen fibers

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18
Q

Purpose of tendons and ligaments

A

tendons: connect muscle to bone
ligament: connect bone to bone

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19
Q

The two types of loose fibrous connective tissue

A

Areolar, reticular

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20
Q

Cartilage and bone are types of…

A

supportive connective tissue

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21
Q

The small chamber in which a cartilage or bone cell would lie is called a(n)

A

Lacunae

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22
Q

Which type of connective tissue has a solid but flexible matrix and no blood supply?

A

Cartilage

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23
Q

Characteristics of cartilage

A

Contains chondrocytes in lacunae
Solid yet flexible matrix

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24
Q

The most rigid type of connective tissue, with a matrix hardened by inorganic salts, is…

A

Bone

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25
Q

The fluid connective tissue composed of formed elements and plasma is…

A

Blood

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26
Q

Osteoblasts and osteoclasts are cell types responsible for forming the matrix in…

A

Bones

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27
Q

Most cells of the human body are in direct contact with which type of fluid?

A

Interstitial fluid

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28
Q

Bone tissue that is arranged in cylindrical structural units called osteons, which is found in the shaft of long bones, is known as…

A

compact bone

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29
Q

Which type of connective tissue contributes to body homeostasis by distributing body heat?

A

Blood

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30
Q

The type of bone tissue located in the ends of long bones and surrounding the marrow cavity is…

A

spongy bone

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31
Q

The liquid portion of blood that surrounds the formed elements is called…

A

plasma

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32
Q

Characteristics of red blood cells

A

Transport oxygen
Contain hemoglobin
Biconcave shape

33
Q

Blood, a liquid connective tissue, contains which of these?

A

Plasma and formed elements

34
Q

The cells of the human body are bathed in a fluid that goes by two names:

A

Extracellular fluid
Interstitial fluid

35
Q

Purpose of blood

A

Transports oxygen and nutrients
Plays a role in pH and ion balance
Distributes heat

36
Q

Characteristics of white blood cells

A

Have a nucleus
Fight foreign invaders

37
Q

The type of formed elements that participate in blood clot formation are the…

A

Platelets

38
Q

Which of the following is a fluid connective tissue that is derived from excess tissue fluid, and also contains fats absorbed from the small intestine?

A

Lymph

39
Q

Within a red blood cell, each molecule of hemoglobin is composed of…

A

FOUR units; each unit is made up of a protein called GLOBIN and an iron-containing structure called HEME.

40
Q

Three types of muscle tissue

A

Skeletal
Smooth
Cardiac

41
Q

Characteristics of skeletal muscle

A

Attaches to bones via tendons
Under voluntary control
Fibers are striated

42
Q

As it travels through lymphatic vessels, lymph is cleansed by passing through structures composed of fibrous connective tissue and white blood cells. These structures are called…

A

Lymph nodes

43
Q

Which type of tissue is composed of contractile cells that contain actin and myosin filaments?

A

Muscle tissue

44
Q

What type of muscle is found in the walls of visceral organs such as the intestine and bladder?

A

Smooth muscle

45
Q

Cardiac muscle cells are bound end to end at junctions called…

A

Intercalated discs

46
Q

Major components of nervous tissue

A

Neurons
Neurogilia

47
Q

Parts and functions of a neuron

A

Axon: Conducts impulses away from the neuron
Cell body: contains the nucleus
Dendrite: Receives signals from sensory receptors or other neurons

48
Q

Characteristics of the three muscle types

A

Cardiac: Striated, single nucleus, branched cells
Skeletal: Striated, multiple nuclei, cylindrical cells
Smooth: Non-striated, spindle-shaped, single nucleus

49
Q

In the nervous system, an axon along with its myelin sheath is called a…

A

Fiber

50
Q

Characterizations of smooth muscle

A

Also called visceral muscle
Cells are spindle-shaped with a single nucleus
Muscle fibers lack striations

51
Q

Characterizations of cardiac muscle

A

Adjacent cells are bound at intercalated disks
Fibers are striated
Cells have a single, centrally placed nucleus

52
Q

Functions of neuroglia

A

Nourish neurons
Support neurons

53
Q

Functions of nervous tissue

A

Sensory input
Integrates data
Motor output

54
Q

Functions of epithelial tissue

A

Absorption
Secretion
Protection of body surfaces

55
Q

Which is the best description of the general structure of epithelial tissue?

A

Tightly packed cells that form a continuous layer

56
Q

The DNA of a cell is organized into discrete structures called

A

Chromosomes

57
Q

How many pairs of sex chromosomes vs autosomes?

A

1 pair of sex chromosomes
22 pairs of autosomes

58
Q

Steps of creating a karyotype

A
  1. obtain cell sample
  2. stimulate division
  3. add chemical to stop division
  4. apply a stain to cells
  5. photograph the cells
  6. use a computer program to pair the chromosomes
59
Q

The collective term for the DNA and proteins that make up a chromosome is

A

Chromatin

60
Q

Sister chromatids are attached to each other by the…

A

Centromere

61
Q

Two major parts of cell division

A

Cell division
Interphase: DNA replication and organelle duplication

62
Q

Stages of interphase

A

G0: This is a permanently arrested stage for cells that don’t divide.
G1: Cell replicates organelles and performs its normal functions.
G2: Synthesis of microtubules and other proteins needed for cell division occur.
S: Each chromosome is copied into two identical strands.

63
Q

Centrosome vs centromere

A

centrosome: the central microtubule organizing center of cells
centromere: holds sister chromatids together

64
Q

Two stages of cell division

A

mitosis (nucleus divides)
cytokinesis (cytoplasm divides)

65
Q

Purpose of checkpoints in cell cycle

A

delay the cell cycle unless certain conditions are met

66
Q

After the centrosomes duplicate, they separate and form the poles of the…

A

Mitotic spindle

67
Q

When do sister chromatids separate in meiosis?

A

Meiosis II

68
Q

Meiosis I vs II

A

I: homologous chromosomes separate
II: sister chromatids separate

69
Q

Crossing over occurs during…

A

prophase I

70
Q

The position of a gene on a chromosome is called its…

A

Locus

71
Q

Incomplete dominant trait

A

A genetic system in which a heterozygous individual displays a phenotype intermediate between that of an individual homozygotic for either allele (child w/ wavy hair because parents had curly and straight hair)

72
Q

A genetic system in which alleles are equally expressed in a heterozygote is called…

A

Codominance

73
Q

Semiconservative

A

DNA replication results in a new double helix with one new strand and one old strand

74
Q

Steps of cellular DNA replication

A
  1. DNA helicase unwinds and unzips DNA
  2. DNA polymerase adds complementary nucleotides
  3. DNA ligase joins fragments
  4. DNA returns to coiled structure
75
Q

What enzyme adds complementary bases toan existing strand in DNA replication?

A

DNA polymerase

76
Q

Ribosomes are made of proteins and a type of nucleic acid called…

A

Ribosomal RNA

77
Q

types of RNA

A

tRNA: carries amino acids to ribosomes so the amino acids can be used for translation, has anticodons
mRNA: a coding, linear molecule formed in the nucleus from DNA
rRNA: joins with proteins to form the large and small subunits of a ribosome

78
Q

Transcription

A

how mRNA is formed in the nucleus

79
Q

Elongation, initiation, and termination

A

Elongation: The ribosome moves down the mRNA one codon at a time; tRNAs bring amino acids into the ribosome.
Initiation: mRNA binds to small subunit of ribosome; ribosomal subunits join together.
Termination: A stop codon is encountered; ribosomal subunits dissociate.

BIO 102 (9 decks)

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