Exam 3 Study

Question 1

Primary organs of mechanical digestion

Answer 1

mouth
stomach

Question 2

Function of human digestive tract organs

Answer 2

mouth: chews and tastes food
pharynx: passageway where food is swallowed
esophagus: passage that transports food to stomach
stomach: secretes acid and digestive enzymes for protein
rectum: regulates elimination of feces
gallbladder: stores bile from liver
large intestine: absorbs water and salt
liver: processes and stores nutrients; produces bile
pancreas: produces digestive enzymes, absorbs nutrients, secretes hormones

Question 3

purpose of digestion

Answer 3

hydrolyze food

Question 4

Mechanical vs chemical digestion

Answer 4

chemical: performed by digestive enzymes

Question 5

Steps of digestion

Answer 5

ingestion
digestion
movement
absorption
elimination

Question 6

peristalsis

Answer 6

Contents of the digestive system are moved along by rhythmic contractions and relaxations of smooth muscle

Question 7

Lumen

Answer 7

inner area of a hollow organ

Question 8

Wall of digestive tract layers

Answer 8

lumen: central space containing food
1. mucosa: inner mucous membrane with secretory enzyme glands
2. submucosa: broad loose connective tissue with nerves, blood, lymphatic vessels
3. muscularis: two layers of smooth muscle
4. serosa: thin, outermost layer, part of peritoneum

Question 9

diverticulosis

Answer 9

abnormal pouches form in the wall of the GI tract, whereas in diverticulitis these pouches become infected or inflamed

Question 10

Muscularis layers

Answer 10

inner: circular
outer: longitudinal

Question 11

salivary amylase begins the digestion of…

Answer 11

starch

Question 12

tongue characteristics

Answer 12

• forms food bolus
• covered by ucous membrane
• made of skeletal muscle
• has taste buds

Question 13

the mouth and nasal passages lead to…

Answer 13

the pharynx

Question 14

Muscle that encircles a tube and control the movement of food through digestive tract

Answer 14

sphincter

Question 15

Epiglottis and glottis relationship

Answer 15

epiglottis covers the glottis

Question 16

Process of swallowing

Answer 16

1) voluntary ingestion of food
2) soft palate closes off the nasopharynx
3) trachea moves up under the epiglottis to cover glottis
4) food enters esophagus

Question 17

Stomach functions

Answer 17

• storage of food
• digestion of proteins
• control movement of food into small intestine

Question 18

function of pepsin

Answer 18

digest proteins

Question 19

Can stomach absorb alcohol?

Answer 19

Yes; alcohol is fat-soluble and can pass through membranes easily

Question 20

chyme is formed in the…

Answer 20

stomach

Question 21

Gastic juices components

Answer 21

mucus, pepsin, hydrochloric acid

Question 22

What structure regulates the flow of chyme out of the stomach?

Answer 22

pyloric sphincter

Question 23

Bile emulsifies…

Answer 23

fat

Question 24

Lipase hydrolyzes fat into…

Answer 24

monoglycerides and fatty acids

Question 25

enzyme produced by pancreas for protein digestion?

Answer 25

trypsin

Question 26

pH contents of small intestine

Answer 26

slightly basic

Question 27

enzyme produced by pancreas for lipid breakdown?

Answer 27

pancreatic lipase

Question 28

Enzymes in protein digestion

Answer 28

peptidase, pepsin, trypsin

Question 29

Digestive enzymes produced by small intestine

Answer 29

maltase, lactase, peptidases

Question 30

Nutrients that enter the small intestinal villi and then diffuse into blood capillaries

Answer 30

amino acids and glucose

Question 31

digestive enzymes produced by pancreas

Answer 31

lipase, nuclease, amylase

Question 32

Functions of pancreas

Answer 32

- produce enzymes to break down all types of food - produces sodium bicarbonate to neutralize stomach acid

Question 33

Liver functions

Answer 33

- stores iron and certain vitamins - converts amino groups from excess amino acids to urea - regulates blood glucose by producing/breaking down glycogen - produces bile

Question 34

Parts of large intestine

Answer 34

- colon - rectum - cecum

Question 35

Which organ releases glucose by breaking down glycogen?

Answer 35

liver

Question 36

characteristics of gallbladder

Answer 36

- stores bile - located below the liver - pear-shaped

Question 37

CCK is released due to the presence of which partially digested substances in the duodenum?

Answer 37

proteins and fat

Question 38

Major function of the large intestine

Answer 38

absorb water

Question 39

Function of bacteria that normally inhabit large intestine

Answer 39

- production of vitamin B and K - breakdown of indigestible material

Question 40

roles of bacterias in the formation of feces

Answer 40

create odors and gases part of the solid wastes

Question 41

Defecation events

Answer 41

- peristalsis - collect in rectum - stretch rectal walls, nerve impulses - rectal muscles contract - anal sphincters relax - feces exit

Question 42

Nutrient

Answer 42

A required component of food that performs a physiological function in the body

Question 43

Good sources of complex carbohydrates

Answer 43

fruits, nuts, beans

Question 44

Function of fiber in health

Answer 44

preventing cholesterol absorption, adding bulk to feces

Question 45

food that quickly increase the blood glucose have a high...

Answer 45

glycemic

Question 46

Essential amino acids

Answer 46

proteins that can't be produced in the body

Question 47

fat-soluble vitamins

Answer 47

A: skin, hair, bone development D: absorption of calcium E: antioxidant for polyunsaturated fats K: blood clotting

Question 48

Vitamins classified as antioxidants

Answer 48

A, C, E

Question 49

Difference between fat and water-soluble vitamins

Answer 49

- how they are stored in cells - how they are transported by the body - how the compound gets absorbed by the body - interaction with body tissues

Question 50

Cellular differentiation

Answer 50

how cells acquire their specific structure and function

Question 51

contact inhibition occurs when cells...

Answer 51

stop dividing as a result of contact with other cells

Question 52

Malignant tumors

Answer 52

have abnormal cells and are able to invade surrounding tissues

Question 53

cancer cells can usually grow even in the absence of cell division-stimulating proteins called...

Answer 53

growth factors

Question 54

cellular abnormalities in cancer cells

Answer 54

- abnormal chromosome number - defective chromosomes - gene amplification

Question 55

carcinogen

Answer 55

a chemical that causes cancer by inducing mutations