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BIO 102 > Exam 3 Study > Flashcards

Exam 3 Study Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Primary organs of mechanical digestion

A

mouth
stomach

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2
Q

Function of human digestive tract organs

A

mouth: chews and tastes food
pharynx: passageway where food is swallowed
esophagus: passage that transports food to stomach
stomach: secretes acid and digestive enzymes for protein
rectum: regulates elimination of feces
gallbladder: stores bile from liver
large intestine: absorbs water and salt
liver: processes and stores nutrients; produces bile
pancreas: produces digestive enzymes, absorbs nutrients, secretes hormones

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3
Q

purpose of digestion

A

hydrolyze food

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4
Q

Mechanical vs chemical digestion

A

chemical: performed by digestive enzymes

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5
Q

Steps of digestion

A

ingestion
digestion
movement
absorption
elimination

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6
Q

peristalsis

A

Contents of the digestive system are moved along by rhythmic contractions and relaxations of smooth muscle

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7
Q

Lumen

A

inner area of a hollow organ

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8
Q

Wall of digestive tract layers

A

lumen: central space containing food
1. mucosa: inner mucous membrane with secretory enzyme glands
2. submucosa: broad loose connective tissue with nerves, blood, lymphatic vessels
3. muscularis: two layers of smooth muscle
4. serosa: thin, outermost layer, part of peritoneum

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9
Q

diverticulosis

A

abnormal pouches form in the wall of the GI tract, whereas in diverticulitis these pouches become infected or inflamed

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10
Q

Muscularis layers

A

inner: circular
outer: longitudinal

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11
Q

salivary amylase begins the digestion of…

A

starch

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12
Q

tongue characteristics

A
  • forms food bolus
  • covered by ucous membrane
  • made of skeletal muscle
  • has taste buds
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13
Q

the mouth and nasal passages lead to…

A

the pharynx

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14
Q

Muscle that encircles a tube and control the movement of food through digestive tract

A

sphincter

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15
Q

Epiglottis and glottis relationship

A

epiglottis covers the glottis

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16
Q

Process of swallowing

A

1) voluntary ingestion of food
2) soft palate closes off the nasopharynx
3) trachea moves up under the epiglottis to cover glottis
4) food enters esophagus

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17
Q

Stomach functions

A
  • storage of food
  • digestion of proteins
  • control movement of food into small intestine
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18
Q

function of pepsin

A

digest proteins

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19
Q

Can stomach absorb alcohol?

A

Yes; alcohol is fat-soluble and can pass through membranes easily

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20
Q

chyme is formed in the…

A

stomach

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21
Q

Gastic juices components

A

mucus, pepsin, hydrochloric acid

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22
Q

What structure regulates the flow of chyme out of the stomach?

A

pyloric sphincter

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23
Q

Bile emulsifies…

A

fat

24
Q

Lipase hydrolyzes fat into…

A

monoglycerides and fatty acids

25
Q

enzyme produced by pancreas for protein digestion?

A

trypsin

26
Q

pH contents of small intestine

A

slightly basic

27
Q

enzyme produced by pancreas for lipid breakdown?

A

pancreatic lipase

28
Q

Enzymes in protein digestion

A

peptidase, pepsin, trypsin

29
Q

Digestive enzymes produced by small intestine

A

maltase, lactase, peptidases

30
Q

Nutrients that enter the small intestinal villi and then diffuse into blood capillaries

A

amino acids and glucose

31
Q

digestive enzymes produced by pancreas

A

lipase, nuclease, amylase

32
Q

Functions of pancreas

A
  • produce enzymes to break down all types of food
  • produces sodium bicarbonate to neutralize stomach acid
33
Q

Liver functions

A
  • stores iron and certain vitamins
  • converts amino groups from excess amino acids to urea
  • regulates blood glucose by producing/breaking down glycogen
  • produces bile
34
Q

Parts of large intestine

A
  • colon
  • rectum
  • cecum
35
Q

Which organ releases glucose by breaking down glycogen?

A

liver

36
Q

characteristics of gallbladder

A
  • stores bile
  • located below the liver
  • pear-shaped
37
Q

CCK is released due to the presence of which partially digested substances in the duodenum?

A

proteins and fat

38
Q

Major function of the large intestine

A

absorb water

39
Q

Function of bacteria that normally inhabit large intestine

A
  • production of vitamin B and K
  • breakdown of indigestible material
40
Q

roles of bacterias in the formation of feces

A

create odors and gases
part of the solid wastes

41
Q

Defecation events

A
  • peristalsis
  • collect in rectum
  • stretch rectal walls, nerve impulses
  • rectal muscles contract
  • anal sphincters relax
  • feces exit
42
Q

Nutrient

A

A required component of food that performs a physiological function in the body

43
Q

Good sources of complex carbohydrates

A

fruits, nuts, beans

44
Q

Function of fiber in health

A

preventing cholesterol absorption, adding bulk to feces

45
Q

food that quickly increase the blood glucose have a high…

A

glycemic

46
Q

Essential amino acids

A

proteins that can’t be produced in the body

47
Q

fat-soluble vitamins

A

A: skin, hair, bone development
D: absorption of calcium
E: antioxidant for polyunsaturated fats
K: blood clotting

48
Q

Vitamins classified as antioxidants

A

A, C, E

49
Q

Difference between fat and water-soluble vitamins

A
  • how they are stored in cells
  • how they are transported by the body
  • how the compound gets absorbed by the body
  • interaction with body tissues
50
Q

Cellular differentiation

A

how cells acquire their specific structure and function

51
Q

contact inhibition occurs when cells…

A

stop dividing as a result of contact with other cells

52
Q

Malignant tumors

A

have abnormal cells and are able to invade surrounding tissues

53
Q

cancer cells can usually grow even in the absence of cell division-stimulating proteins called…

A

growth factors

54
Q

cellular abnormalities in cancer cells

A
  • abnormal chromosome number
  • defective chromosomes
  • gene amplification
55
Q

carcinogen

A

a chemical that causes cancer by inducing mutations

BIO 102 (9 decks)

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