Exam 4 Concepts

Question 1

Bone function

Answer 1

• protection
• provides calcium needed for muscle contraction and cell communication

Question 2

Thyroid vs parathyroid

Answer 2

• Thryroid: creates calcitonin, which decreases blood calcium levels by bringing calcium back into bone
• Parathyroid: creates PTH, which increases blood calcium levels by adding it into bloodstream

Question 3

Tendons vs ligaments

Answer 3

tendon: muscle to bone
ligament: bone to bone

Question 4

Diaphysis

Answer 4

the central shaft or main portion of a long bone, space inside called medullary cavity is filled with yellow marrow

Question 5

Epiphysis

Answer 5

the enlarged end of a long bone containing spongy bone with red marrow

Question 6

Endosteum vs periosteum

Answer 6

periosteum: covers bone except on ends
endosteum: on the inside

Question 7

Spongy bone

Answer 7

• designed for strength
• contains thin plates called trabeculae
• unorganized

Question 8

Compact bone

Answer 8

• Contains units called osteons
• openings or chambers called lacunae

Question 9

Bone cell types

Answer 9

• osteoblasts: produce bone matrix and add calcium (calcitonin)
• osteocytes: mature bone cells, maintain structure
• osteoclasts: bone-absorbing, break down bone and depositing calcium and phosphate into blood (PTH)

Question 10

vertebral column curvatures

Answer 10

• scoliosis: sideways
• kyphosis: posterior curvature (hunchback)
• lordosis: anterior curvature (swayback)

Question 11

Vertebrae, top to bottom

Answer 11

• cervical (7)
• thoracis (12)
• lumbar (5)
• sacrum
  -coccyx

Question 12

Ribcage

Answer 12

• true ribs (7)
• false ribs (5), including 2 floating

Question 13

Joint types

Answer 13

• fibrous: sutures in cranial bones
• cartilaginous: slightly movable
• synovial: freely movable

Question 14

Ossification types

Answer 14

• intramembranous: bones develop between sheets of fibrous connective tissue (only during embryo to create skull, etc)
• endochondrial: bone forms within cartilage, replacing hyaline cartilage models