Exam 6 - Livestock Upper Resp Disease

Question 1

pathogens included with viral rhinitis

Answer 1

BHV-1
PI-3
BVDV
BRSV

Question 2

atopic/allergic rhinitis
species?
acute manifestation?
chronic manifestation?
diagnostic?
treatment?

Answer 2

older cattle - Jersey, Guernsey
acute - summer snuffles - type I hypersensitivity reaction
chronic - enzootic nasal granuloma
endoscopy
steroids

Question 3

sinusitis
pathogenesis & bacteria involved

Answer 3

dehorning or horn injury (frontal sinus)
tooth root infection (maxillary sinus)

trueperella pyogenes - secondary to dehorning
pasteruella multocida - not associated with dehorning

Question 4

sinusitis diagnostic

Answer 4

clinical signs
percussion
radiographs
sinus centesis

Question 5

sinusitis treatment

Answer 5

trephination
aspiration
lavage
surgery
abx (penicillin)
NSAIDs
tooth extraction

Question 6

oestrus ovis
pathogenesis
treatment

Answer 6

adults lay eggs on nostrils and larvae migrate to sinuses

ivermectin

Question 7

ovine nasal adenocarcinoma
diagnosis
treatment

Answer 7

locally invasive tumor of nasal passage
radiographs, endoscopy + biopsy for definitive diagnosis
no treatment

Question 8

porcine atrophic rhinitis
species
bacteria involved
clinical sign
treatment

Answer 8

young pigs < 3 weeks
bordetella bronchiseptica and pasturella multocida
nasal deviation
no treatment

Question 9

choanal atresia
species
diagnosis
treatment

Answer 9

young camelids
endoscopy, radiographs with contrast, rubber catheter
surgery

Question 10

necrotic laryngitis “laryngeal necrobacillosis” or “calf diphtheria”
pathogenesis
clinical signs
diagnosis
treatment

Answer 10

T. pyogenes & F. necrophorum
beef calves vocalizing
excess salivation, inappetance, painful cough, swollen larynx, foul odor
oral exam or endoscopy
Penicillin, Sulfa & NSAIDs

Question 11

what causes laryngeal abscesses (usually on arytenoid cartilage)

Answer 11

necrotic laryngitis or trauma from feed or foreign body

Question 12

what causes laryngeal papillomas
species?
treatment?

Answer 12

bovine papilloma virus 4
primarily feedlot cattle
vx, surgery

Question 13

what cause IBR “red nose”

Answer 13

BHV-1

Question 14

most common cause of tracheal collapse in calves
diagnosis?
treatment?

Answer 14

acquired - trauma at birth
radiographs or endoscopy
medical or surgery

Question 15

two types of tracheal edema syndrome

Answer 15

acute “honker” syndrome
chronic “polypod tracheitis”

Question 16

acute “honker syndrome”
target species?
clinical signs
diagnosis?
treatment?

Answer 16

southern feedlots
sudden resp distress
endoscopy
steroids - immune mediated or allergen mediated

Question 17

chronic “polypod tracheitis”
target species?
clinical signs?
diagnosis?
treatment?

Answer 17

western feedlots
dry nonproductive hacking cough
endoscopy
none

Question 18

important risk factors for bovine respiratory disease

Answer 18

reduced host immunity:
failure of passive immunity
stress (co-mingling, transport, weaning, surgery)

Question 19

epidemiology of dairy calves and BRD

Answer 19

preweaned calves < 56 days of age
weaned calves 2-5 months “enzootic calf pneumonia”

Question 20

epidemiology of beef calves and BRD

Answer 20

preweaned calves 3-5 months
weaned calves 21 days after arrival “shipping fever”

Question 21

major pathogens that cause bronchopneumonia in food animal species

Answer 21

Mannheimia hemolytica (feedlot)
Bibersteinia trehalosi feedlot)
Histophilus somni feedlot)
Trueperella pyogenes
Pasturella multocida (dairy)
Mycoplasma bovis/dispar (dairy)

BHV-1, BRSV, PI-3, BVDV (feedlot)

Question 22

Histophilus somni opportunistic sites and sequelae

Answer 22

lung & extrapulmonary

sequelae = thrombotic meningoencephalitis, vasculitis, thrombosis

Question 23

what group of antibiotics will NOT work against Mycoplasma bovis/dispar

Answer 23

beta-lactams due to no cell wall

Question 24

Mycoplasma bovis/dispar opportunistic sites and sequelae

Answer 24

lung & extrapulmonary

otitis media & joints/arthritis, tenosynovitis

Question 25

Mannheimia hemolytica virulence factors

Answer 25

leukotoxin endotoxin/LPS

Question 26

P. multocida virulence factors

Answer 26

endotoxin/LPS

Question 27

Histophilus somni virulence factors

Answer 27

LOS (lipooligosaccharide) evasion of opsonization

Question 28

Mycoplasma bovis/dispar virulence factors and transmission

Answer 28

variable surface proteins (Vsp A, B, C) adhesions milk and colostrum

Question 29

Trueperella pyogenes virulence factors

Answer 29

Pyolysin important secondary and tertiary invader (more chronic)

Question 30

prevention of BRD in cattle

Answer 30

colostrum management reduce stress/mixing herd surveillance treatment approach

Question 31

herd surveillance in dairy vs beef for BRD

Answer 31

dairy - screening tests for high risk age groups beef - "DART" visual observation

Question 32

pathogen detection for BRD

Answer 32

NOT nasal swabs want deep nasopharyngeal swab, TTW/aspirate, BAL

Question 33

what diagnostic is more sensitive for detecting Mycoplasma

Answer 33

PCR > culture

Question 34

anitmicrobials of choice for Mycoplasma

Answer 34

macrolides, florfenicol, tetracyclines

Question 35

causes of metastatic pneumonia

Answer 35

hematogenous spread: liver abscess = caudal vena cava thrombosis jugular phlebitis endocarditis metritis, mastitis, foot rot

Question 36

most severe clinical sign seen with metastatic pneumonia

Answer 36

epistaxis

Question 37

prevention methods for metastatic pneumonia

Answer 37

re-evaluate nutrition/feed management

Question 38

causes of anaphylaxis

Answer 38

type I hypersensitivity reaction to antigen - vaccine, milk, insect, drug

Question 39

clinical signs of anaphylaxis

Answer 39

severe scute dyspnea, flaring nostrils, extension of head/neck, open-mouth breathing, urticaria and pharyngeal edema

Question 40

treatment of anaphylaxis

Answer 40

**epinephrine** steroids, antihistamine, NSAID, milking out/drying off

Question 41

clinical syndromes of acute interstitial pneumonia

Answer 41

acute bovine pulmonary edema & emphysema (fog fever) mold sweet potato toxicity perilla mint toxicity feedlot AIP

Question 42

acute bovine pulmonary edema & emphysema (fog fever) toxin? clinical signs? prevention?

Answer 42

3-methylindole (pneumotoxic) frothing at the mouth - NO cough, occurs within 2 weeks of pasture change ionophores

Question 43

mold sweet potato toxicity toxin? clinical sign?

Answer 43

Fusarium solani 4-ipomeanol (pneumotoxin) COUGH, death 2-5 days post infection

Question 44

perilla mint toxicity toxin? clinical sign?

Answer 44

oils similar to 4-IP sudden death, ARDS

Question 45

feedlot AIP how does this differ from acute bovine pulmonary edema & emphysema?

Answer 45

cattle on feed more than 60 days following arrival at feedlot ionophores are ineffective

Question 46

lung parasites in bovine

Answer 46

Dictyocaulus viviparus Ascaris suum

Question 47

lung parasites in small ruminants

Answer 47

Dictyocaulus filaria **Muellerius capillaris**

Question 48

effective anthelmintics for treatment of lungworm

Answer 48

levamisole (except M. capillaris) benzimidazoles macrocyclic lactones

Question 49

most common cause of pleuritis and pleural effusion in livestock test? CBC/chem results?

Answer 49

secondary to traumatic reticulopleuritis/pulmonary hypertension withers test LS neutrophilia, hypergammaglobulinemia

Question 50

most common cause of pneumothorax in livestock diagnosis?

Answer 50

BRSV SQ emphysema

Question 51

most common cause of diaphragmatic hernia

Answer 51

dystocia - breech position

Question 52

Cutaneous Paraneoplastic Syndrome due to what?

Answer 52

Adenocarcinoma of the Thymus