Exam 1 - Endocrine Flashcards
common signs of diabetes mellitus
different signs in dogs vs cats
weight loss
polyphagia
PUPD
cataracts (dogs)
frosty paws/plantigrade stance/neuropathies (cats)
recurrent infections
hepatomegaly
clinicopathologic findings of diabetes mellitus
hyperglycemia
glucosuria
elevated cholesterol
elevated liver enzymes
min concentrated urine
dogs get what type of DM?
cats?
dogs type I
cats type II
can cats get type I DM?
yes - with chronic insulinemia
beta cells produce amylin > amyloid > destroys beta cells = no more production of insulin (NOT immune mediated)
recommended dietary components for glycemic control in dogs and cats
dogs - complex carbs + exercise
cats - protein, low carbs
dog insulin recommendation
vetsulin/lente or NPH given SQ twice daily
intermediate-acting
cat insulin recommendation
PZI or glargine given SQ twice daily
long-acting
insulin recommendation for DKA patient
regular insulin once a day given IM or CRI
short-acting
what should be monitored in a diabetic patient
clinical signs - watch for decrease PUPD, decrease appetite, weight loss stabilization, weight gain if thin
lab results to monitor in diabetic patients
urine dipstick - glucose and ketones
spot glucose reading
+/- fructosamine
what lab data should you acquire if DM is poorly regulated
minimum database (CBC, biochem, UA)
glucose curve
insulin dose in dogs & cats
when do you worry about insulin resistance
dogs 0.25-1.25 units/kg/dose
cats 1-5 units/dose
IR in dogs > 1.5 units/kg/dose
IR in cats > 5 units/dose
DKA clinical signs
lethargy, anorexia, vomiting, dehydration, shock
history of weight loss, polyphagia, PUPD
DKA clinpath abnormalities
hyperglycemia
azotemic (pre-renal)
acidosis
increased liver enzymes
hypoNa/Cl
hyperkalemia
glucosuria & ketonuria
initial diagnostics for DKA patient
venous blood gas
urine dipstick
recommended therapy for DKA patient
1 fluids & electrolytes to correct acidosis
insulin + glucose
identify triggers (counter-reg hormones)
why monitor P & K in a DKA patient
after treatment - intracellular shift
hypokalemia - muscle weakness (e.g. cervical ventroflexion)
hypophosphatemia - hemolysis/anemia
precursor for all adrenal product
cholesterol
what enzyme converts cholesterol/11-deoxycorticosterone → aldosterone
aldosterone synthase
what enzyme converts cholesterol/11-deoxycorticosterone → cortisol, DHEA, androstenedione
17𝛼-hydroxylase
clinical signs of Cushing’s disease
(primarily dogs)
PUPD
polyphagia
weight gain
muscle wasting or redistribution to abdomen “pot belly” & nape of neck
hypertension
immunosuppression/infections
alopecia/calcinosis cutis
stress leukogram (increased neut/mono, decrease lymp/eos)
hepatomegaly w/ increased ALP, cholesterol & glucose
low USG
bacteriuria w/o pyuria
what screening tests can you do for Cushing’s
urine-cortisol:creatinine ratio to rule out
ACTH stim (only test for iatrogenic)
LDDST