Exam 5 - CARDIO Flashcards
treatment for sinus pause
pacemaker
treatment for 2nd degree AV block low grade and high grade
low grade - none
high grade - pacemaker
treatment of 3rd degree AV block
pacemaker
treatment for atrial fibrillation
rate control (use a Ca channel blocker) - Diltiazem
rhythm control
Class 1A - procainamide, quinidine
Class 3 - amiodarone
DC cardiosynchronous electrical shock
treatment for ventricular tachycardia, acute and chronic
acute - lidocaine
chronic - sotalol
treatment for paroxysmal SVT
may or may not be able to control
sustained SVT
- what are you at risk of?
- drug of choice?
- what is diagnostic of an accessory pathway?
tachycardia induced cardiomyopathy
Diltiazem
if the sinus rhythm has a “pre-excitation” (short P-Q interval post treatment)
treatment for atrial standstill
serum K+ level
correct hyperkalemia
normal pressure in right atrium
0-5 mmHg
normal pressure in right ventricle
25/0 mmHg
normal pressure in left atrium
0-10 mmHg
normal pressure in left ventricle
130/0 mmHg
normal pressure in aorta
130/105/90 mmHg
right sided systolic pressures are approximately _____ of the left side
1/5
normal pressure in pulmonary artery
25/18/12 mmHg
Ejection Fraction Formula
EDV - ESV / EDV
what is contractility and how does it affect SV, EDV and ESV
slope of the end-systolic pressure volume relation line
increases SV
no effect on EDV
decreases ESV
Frank Starlings law of the heart
increased EDV (preload) increases SV
LaPlace’s Law of the Heart and formula
associated with afterload
wall thickens to reduce wall stress
wall stress = (pressure x radius) / (2 x wall thickness)
determinants of myocardial oxygen demand/consumpation
heart rate
contractility
wall stress/pressure
site of highest resistance
arterioles
Reynold’s number
blood flow increases linearly as P increase up to a point “critical velocity” where blood flow goes from laminar to turbulent
Which area of the heart is most susceptible to ischemic injury
subendocardial myocardium
normal VHS
9.7 +/- 0.5
