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Clinical Sciences > Exam 5 - CARDIO > Flashcards

Exam 5 - CARDIO Flashcards

1
Q

treatment for sinus pause

A

pacemaker

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2
Q

treatment for 2nd degree AV block low grade and high grade

A

low grade - none
high grade - pacemaker

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3
Q

treatment of 3rd degree AV block

A

pacemaker

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4
Q

treatment for atrial fibrillation

A

rate control (use a Ca channel blocker) - Diltiazem

rhythm control
Class 1A - procainamide, quinidine
Class 3 - amiodarone
DC cardiosynchronous electrical shock

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5
Q

treatment for ventricular tachycardia, acute and chronic

A

acute - lidocaine
chronic - sotalol

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6
Q

treatment for paroxysmal SVT

A

may or may not be able to control

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7
Q

sustained SVT
- what are you at risk of?
- drug of choice?
- what is diagnostic of an accessory pathway?

A

tachycardia induced cardiomyopathy
Diltiazem
if the sinus rhythm has a “pre-excitation” (short P-Q interval post treatment)

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8
Q

treatment for atrial standstill

A

serum K+ level
correct hyperkalemia

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9
Q

normal pressure in right atrium

A

0-5 mmHg

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10
Q

normal pressure in right ventricle

A

25/0 mmHg

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10
Q

normal pressure in left atrium

A

0-10 mmHg

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11
Q

normal pressure in left ventricle

A

130/0 mmHg

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12
Q

normal pressure in aorta

A

130/105/90 mmHg

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13
Q

right sided systolic pressures are approximately _____ of the left side

A

1/5

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13
Q

normal pressure in pulmonary artery

A

25/18/12 mmHg

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14
Q

Ejection Fraction Formula

A

EDV - ESV / EDV

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15
Q

what is contractility and how does it affect SV, EDV and ESV

A

slope of the end-systolic pressure volume relation line
increases SV
no effect on EDV
decreases ESV

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16
Q

Frank Starlings law of the heart

A

increased EDV (preload) increases SV

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17
Q

LaPlace’s Law of the Heart and formula

A

associated with afterload
wall thickens to reduce wall stress

wall stress = (pressure x radius) / (2 x wall thickness)

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18
Q

determinants of myocardial oxygen demand/consumpation

A

heart rate
contractility
wall stress/pressure

19
Q

site of highest resistance

A

arterioles

20
Q

Reynold’s number

A

blood flow increases linearly as P increase up to a point “critical velocity” where blood flow goes from laminar to turbulent

21
Q

Which area of the heart is most susceptible to ischemic injury

A

subendocardial myocardium

22
Q

normal VHS

A

9.7 +/- 0.5

23
Q

normal VLAS

A

< 2.3

24
Q

normal LA:Ao ration

A

< 1.3-1.5

25
Q

Ejection Fraction Formula

A

EDV-ESV / EDV
normal > 50%

26
Q

Fractional Shortening Formula

A

LVd-LVs / LVd

27
Q

What is the simplified Bernoulli equation?

A

P = 4v^2

28
Q

What is the expected velocity of blood flow through the aortic and pulmonary valves?

A

aortic valve < 2 m/s
pulmonary valve < 1.6 m/s

29
Q

causes of hypokinetic pulse

A

hypovolemia
LV outflow obstruction

30
Q

causes of hyperkinetic pulse

A

bradycardia/wide pulse pressure
vasodilation
high sympathetic tone
age
shunt/regurgitation

31
Q

causes of secondary cardiomyopathy

A

nutrition
doxorubicin
tachycardia induced CM
myocarditis
ischemic CM

32
Q

causes of secondary HCM

A

systemic hypertension
hyperthyroidism
pseudohypertrophy with dehydration
infiltrative disease
acromegaly
aortic stenosis/LVOTO

33
Q

What is the pathogenesis of Eisenmenger’s physiology

A

pulmonary hypertension may develop and can cause shunt reversal

occurs with large VSD

34
Q

what is the most important heart disease of the dog

A

mitral valve degeneration

35
Q

what breed is predisposed to atrial myopathy

A

english springer spaniels

36
Q

_____ degeneration common in the dog, _____ degeneration common in the horse

A

AV valve degeneration (mitral)

aortic valve degeneration

37
Q

gallop sound

A

ventricular filling
S3 or S4

38
Q

click sound

A

mid systole
valve prolapse

39
Q

purpose of spectral doppler

A

Estimate of pressure from velocity of blood flow through the heart

40
Q

compensatory mechanisms for HF

A

Frank Starling
neurohormones (sympathetic NS, RAAS, ADH, NP)
hypertrophy

41
Q

Diagnostic to confirm presence of pulmonary edema?

A

thoracic rads

42
Q

causes of biventricular HF

A

Concurrent right and left sided heart disease present

Severe left sided heart disease such as DCM or MMVD complicated by atrial fibrillation

43
Q

diagnostic to diagnose CHF

A

thoracic rads

44
Q

causes of an ejection murmur in a horse

A

alpha2
excitement
anemia

45
Q

stage B2 of DMVD characterized by what and what drug do you give

A

VLAS > 3
VHS > 11.5

Pimobendan

46
Q
A

Clinical Sciences (12 decks)

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